The Growing Threat of Computer Crime Essay - 3153 Words

Abstract Computers have been used for most kinds of crime, including fraud, theft, larceny, embezzlement, burglary, sabotage, espionage, murder, and forgery, since the first cases were reported in 1958. One study of 1,500 computer crimes established that most of them were committed by trusted computer users within businesses; persons with the requisite skills, knowledge, access, and resources. With the arrival of personal computers to manipulate information and access computers by telephone, increasing numbers of crimes--electronic trespassing, copyrighted-information piracy, vandalism--have been committed by computer hobbyists, known as hackers, who display a high level of technical expertise. For many years, the term hacker defined†¦show more content†¦This is evident by the frequency of reports in the local media. Cash is the most vulnerable asset as it is the easiest for the perpetrator to convert to personal use. Firms most vulnerable to theft of money are firms that must rely on one individual to perform the duties of office manager and bookkeeper. Having more than one employee in the office provides an opportunity to effect certain internal controls, particularly separation of duties. Small business owners should review their insurance coverage for employee dishonesty. While there are no standards to determine precisely the amount of coverage necessary, the marginal cost of adding an extra $1,000 of coverage decreases as the coverage increases. A business owner should consult with an insurance agent and err on the side of caution, just to be safe. Although theft of money is a major subject when speaking of computer crime, there are also many other areas to be concerned about. Some of the computer crimes for the 21st century will include: Communication crimes (cellular theft and telephone fraud). Low-tech thieves in airports and bus terminals use binoculars to steal calling card access numbers. Thieves will park their vans along busy interstate highways and use specialized equipment to steal cellular telephone access codes from the air. This is just the tip of the â€Å"iceberg†. Business. Most banking today isShow MoreRelatedGrowing Threat of Computer Crimes3247 Words   |  13 PagesRunning head: THE GROWING THREAT OF COMPUTER CRIME The Growing Threat of Computer Crime Diana Ritter Baker College of Cadillac May 9, 2001 Abstract Computers have been used for most kinds of crime, including fraud, theft, larceny, embezzlement, burglary, sabotage, espionage, murder, and forgery, since the first cases were reported in 1958. One study of 1,500 computer crimes established that most of them were committed by trusted computer users within businesses; persons with the requisite skillsRead MoreCyber Security Threats And Crimes1279 Words   |  6 Pages Cyber security threats/crimes Before people even knew you could do so much with computers and internet beside common work activity before it got popular and admired, criminals had to get a lot more personal when retrieving their personal information like dig through trash, steal or break into their mailboxes, are buy it from a somebody who sold other people identity was some of the way criminal got people personal information. Now many of people aroundRead MoreThe Patriot Act Title Vii Section 814 And 8161429 Words   |  6 Pagesto seminude photos of victims. The â€Å"Sexual Cyber Terrorist†, Karen (Gary) Kazaryan was sentenced to 5 years in federal prison after pleading guilty to all charges. 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Internet and computers have become a huge part of many people s lives in this era; it allows individuals to stay in touch, find information, and even make a living through online businesses. When there are positive points, there are bound to be some negative ones, and that is Cybercrime. Cybercrime is a type of crime that is committed over the Internet using computers andRead MoreCyber Crimes, Moral And Ethical Implication1664 Words   |  7 PagesCyber Crimes, Moral and Ethical Implication Introduction The internet’s rapid growth and computer technology has helped people around the world over the past few years. This evolution has also enabled new forms of crime-dubbed cyber-crime. This phenomenon has greatly evoked feelings such as admiration and fear in people mind. Cyber-crime is defined as crimes committed on internet, with computers as the tool, Agathise E Joseph, June 28th 2006. It is not an â€Å"armed robbery†, not a murder but a practiceRead MoreCyber Security Is A Growing Concern For Governments Around The World1296 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Cooperation for Cyber Security Cyber Security is a growing concern for governments around the world. Cyber-attacks pose a direct threat to the security of the nations’ critical infrastructures and Information Technologies (IT) as a low-cost asymmetric warfare element. Most of these nations are aware of the vulnerability of the information technologies and the significance of protecting critical infrastructures. To counteract the threat of potentially disastrous cyber-attacks, nations’ policyRead MoreEssay on Computer Crime: Technology and Cyberspace1343 Words   |  6 Pagesuse a type of computer in some way, whether it is work related or if it is for personal use such as social networking. Another thing occurring on a daily basis is criminals committing either trivial or major crimes; so it is not hard to imagine that these two actions would start to syndicate into one. Cyber-crime is defined as â€Å"unauthorized use of a computer for personal gain† (Dictionary.com), but the true depth of the definition is so much deeper. Anyone can be affected by cyber-crime, it can affectRead MoreThe Role of Federal Agencies in Fighting Digital Crime Essay827 Words   |  4 Pagesincluding FBI, Department of Homeland Security, among others, have taken on roles to fight computer crimes and terrorism. The roles and responses of these law enforcement agencies concerning digital crime have created challenges that limit enforcement efforts against digital crime. The Department Of Justice has had to address evolving challenges such as mortgage fraud, corporate fraud, and cyber crime including online child pornography. As it seeks to balance and address competing and new priorities

Critique Of The s Theory - 853 Words

Critique of Experiment 2 Many experiment fall folly due to the many factors they need to get correct. Like most studies the practitioner needs to create a hypothesis that is actually testable and test it on a group of people they can get. The participants are the foundation to the whole study. With them you are able to prove whether your hypothesis was correct or not. These and many more factors are why psychological studies are incredibly to execute and do properly. The hypothesis of this study states, â€Å"Participants who had been primed with the elderly stereotype would walk more slowly compared to participants who had not been primed with the stereotype-relevant stimuli†. This basically means that the experimenter believes that words related to the elderly population and none related will affect the rate in which the participants walk. Their hypothesis seems achievable because in my experiences I find that we as people relate to word association and because of this our behaviors can be slightly modified to match the words presented. This hypothesis is seems testable because it doesn’t seem completely absurd due to the actual experiment they planned to conduct. In this specific study, they are aiming to construct an environment where participants will have to unscramble words either related to elderly concepts or non-elderly concepts. The participants chosen from this study were all Undergraduate NYU students, 30 males and females. I think each participant qualifiesShow MoreRelatedCritique Of Carl Jung s Theory Of The Collective Unconscious1103 Words   |  5 PagesCritique 3- Discussion of Carl Jung Discuss the Analytical Theory of Carl Jung. Do not complete a Theory Template for this theorist. Instead complete the following discussion questions: 1. Explain the Jungian concept of the collective unconscious. 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Criticisms Of The Traditional Budgeting System Essay Example For Students

Criticisms Of The Traditional Budgeting System Essay Budget is be aftering for a assortment of sale watercourses, a control method for a direction to remain from over disbursement, a procedure of commanding it units, a process to pull off assorted activities that organisations carry out, and a method to pass on to every stakeholder with summarisation of activities that different constituent will set about. Furthermore, budget is a technique for puting an organisation s precedence by apportioning limited resources to those activities. The purpose of the budget is to modify program and re-allocate resources to do certain accomplish the strategic program of an organisation. The allotment of resource through budget is able to done in several ways. An organisation demand to well understanding about the maps of the system so that they able to minimise the negatives and to derive advantage. Purpose of create a budget is to find the way for an organisation and its future accomplishment or failure ( Goldstein, 2005 ; Maddox, 1999 ; Martin, 1993 ; McCabe, 1984 ) . It is really of import to making and following the budgetary precedence even during the comparatively positive fiscal times, this is merely more hard while downswing in fiscal conditions. However, an organisation would hard or may non to accomplish the gross revenues mark or budget due to uncertainness economic. An organisation makes a good determination demand to see the factor like economic system. During the uncertainness economic, there must be either recession or rising prices. Once the economic system traveling through recession, many people regular in economy and are non willing to pass money due to high unemployment rate and autumn in household income. Consequently, an organisation s gross revenues volume and net income would drop. However, many people is high in buying power and willing to pass money if the economic system traveling through rising prices. Therefore, an organisation would increase in gross revenues and achieve the mark. The economic system uncertainness would do organisations gross revenues and net incomes change uncertainness, this would impact their decision-making and public presentation. Outline1 Why required more flexibleness budgeting system alternatively of traditional budget system?2 Criticisms of the traditional budgeting system3 Require more flexibleness budgeting Why required more flexibleness budgeting system alternatively of traditional budget system? Criticisms of the traditional budgeting system Since the economic is uncertainness, the organisation is necessitating more flexible attack in gauging budget and alternatively of utilizing traditional budget method. The first ground is when utilizing the traditional budget, the manner an organisation allocated cost had non changed in old 60 old ages and this is disregarding the fact that the economic ambiance of the organisation had significantly changed ( Johnson and Kaplan 1987 ) . If economic system traveling through recession or rising prices, this would caused different consequence from the budget. By and large, the traditional budget is made for one or more old ages to accomplish the strategic map and it is based on calendar twelvemonth. The organisation would non alter the budget any longer once it was prepared. If any unexpected events appear, the traditional budget would still supply same information, which becomes inaccurate information and this would caused an organisation doing a incorrect determination. There would be unrealistic study if the organisation continue analyze the inaccurate budget. The public presentation index is non incorporated into an bing budget procedure and hence traditional method is really slow and backward looking. Largely, the traditional budget is referred to historical attack, which means based on old twelvemonth s gross and outgo. The traditional budget is uneffective because the information is outdated and this would impact on decision-making of an organisation. Artwork - Year of the Goat EssayAnnually determined budgetary marks, and the represented duties associated with them, are seen to restrict the range of sceptered directors to run flexibly, militate against team-working within and between sections, inhibit advanced responses to unanticipated eventualities, and stifle the creativeness required for invention and larning occur. pg 445 Budgets are progressively inappropriate for organisations wanting to accomplish high public presentation in competitory conditions and should be abandoned. Nevertheless, notwithstanding their restrictions, budgeting patterns are still regarded as an organisational jussive mood if costs are to be controlled and predicted fiscal public presentation achieved. -445 To use to organisations confronting market conditions which required a capableness for a high rate of strategic adaptation and flexibleness as they excessively will meet competitory force per unit areas to guarantee tight cost control. Directors combine budgeting with other direction controls to run into the potentially viing aims of flexibleness and version required for scheme execution on the one manus, and the accomplishment of specified fiscal marks on the other. -445 mechanistic control systems which emphasize efficiency and organic control systems which prioritize flexibleness ( Brown A ; Esienstadt, 1997 ; Chapman, 1998 ; Dent, 1987 ; Marginson, 2002 ) . -445 These contexts controls are chiefly used diagnostically but may besides be used interactively when directors need to discourse what is the best action to take.-454 They are used, foremost, to garner, construe and administer the information necessary to understand the current place of the outlook ; and secondly, to see how spreads between planned public presentation and existent consequences may be closed. While these procedures encourage a flexible response to how ends are achieved, they are non intended to take away from an person s answerability for budgetary marks. Rather, they serve to reenforce the thought that it is the duty of the single director to guarantee that his or her budgetary marks are achieved. -454 If I do nt hit my marks so I surely would acquire an increased sum of treatment about how traveling to repair it, it would be a continual review.-455 Taking disciplinary action often entailed procuring the support of other directors to look into what jobs have arisen and invent appropriate redresss to prosecute. -455 Directors are expected to respond flexibleness to take advantage of chances to achieve results that best tantrum with the overall strategic aims, it remains incumbent on directors to show what other actions they have taken to guarantee their budgetary marks are met. This is tracked both officially through the reappraisal procedure and informally through pull offing in-process . -456 Directors are both accountable for 2 related but distinguishable activities: they are expected to take advantage of budget flexibleness to prosecute strategic corporate ends ; secondly they are expected to accomplish their ain budgetary marks. Inevitable tensenesss will originate from prosecuting both at the same time, but it is expected that these can be mediated efficaciously through procuring directors committedness to organisational aims. -456 Directors at Astoria are invariably engaged in reexamining what was go oning to their public presentation in relation to their marks, and reacting to jobs associated with their ain public presentation deficits or unexpected alterations in fortunes impacting them, or their co-workers. -457 A transportation of power and authorization from the Centre to operating directors, enthroning in them the authorization to utilize their judgement and enterprise to accomplish their ends without being constrained by some specific program or understandings . This decentalisation of control and duty for public presentation is intended to authorise front line directors in order to foster invention and reactivity and increase adaptability . -458

Inflation and Interest Rates Inflation Risk

Question: Describe about the Inflation and Interest Rates for Inflation Risk. Answer: Introduction The paper illustrates the effect of interest rates on inflation briefly explaining what inflation is in terms of an individual and country perspective. Moreover, it provides the explanation of what the interest rates cause the exchange rates to move up or down and its implication to the entire economy. On an individual view the paper shows why the person makes the decision to spend more or save less while at the same time showing why they will likely save more and spend less. The reasons for time lag due to interest changes causing certain outcome such as the fixed loan and starting activities have also been explained thus giving a clear direction and cause of these cases. Then there is the importance of time lag in terms of financial strategy and decisions made towards the betterment of an individual and the general economy (Billi, n.d.). The recommendations for the ideal situations are also briefly highlighted towards bringing stability to the interest rates on the inflation on the long term scenario. Inflation and Interest Rates Inflation is referred to as an economy with cash that is more usable or spendable than it requires purchasing all of the merchandise and services accessible, prompting an expansive general increment in costs in prices. Some mix of two things can bring about inflation: 1) an expansion (or inadequate decline) in cash supply; 2) a diminishing (or deficient increment) in the amount and/or nature of products and services. Negative inflation is referred to as deflation. Therefore, -2% inflation is equitable to a deflation of 2% (Tessaromatis, n.d.). Exchange Rates and Inflation A currency that is weak results to a rise in inflation, if the economy is dependent on imports. For India's situation, gold and oil import bills go up regularly causing inflation to rise. On the other hand, a strong currency will cause the opposite however, for exports, it is bad. Therefore, the effect truly relies on upon the exchange blend. Additionally, expansion in the economy implies residential products are less aggressive. This prompts a drop in demand for the household products and the currency, resulting to poor domestic currency. This ought to make it focused again to send out, however push the import bill higher, bringing about additional inflation. The converse is valid also (Yilmazkuday, 2013). Inflation and Interest Rates - When Inflation rises, tightening of the monetary policy occurs - meaning that interest rates go up. This rise causes a liquidity press in the business sectors. Individuals have less cash to spend and contribute, demand drops; supply is gradual to modify subsequently causing inflation to go down. The reverse is also true. Thus leading to the conclusion that inflation is also a monetary issue. Inflation happens when there is an expansion in the proportion between the supply of spendable cash taking into account the factor of velocity and the supply of merchandise and services. Like any proportional ratio, you can make it greater by expanding the numerator or by diminishing the denominator. Therefore, you can get inflation by expanding the cash supply or by decreasing the supply of merchandise and services (Malliaropulos, n.d.). Then again both. Inflation is an ascent in the general value level of merchandise and services. After some time, the nominal expense of products and services goes up, and the power of purchasing (the amount you can purchase per dollar) drops. For example, most persons hears of how their granddad could go to the films for ten pennies some time ago (5-penny silver screen was a Nickelodeon), or how their granddad's first occupation as a mechanical engineer paid him 50 pennies 60 minutes. On the off chance that the cost of a piece of bread is $1, you can purchase one chunk of bread for every dollar. On the off chance that the cost of a chunk of bread expands 25%, to $1.25, you can now just purchase $1.00/$1.25 per piece of bread, or 0.8 rolls of bread. You have lost buying power. At typical levels of inflation, which is most likely 2 or 3 percent for each year, it does not have a lot of an impact on the economy. Your wages are likewise costs, recollect, and the value you charge a firm for your work, so y ou would see a 2% raise. On the off chance that everything has to be 2% more costly, yet you had a 2% raise, you would not see a distinction in how much your cash could purchase (Khan and Thomas, n.d.). Concerning zero or negative loan costs: The financing cost a bank charges or pays its contributors is known as the ostensible loan fee. We get the genuine financing cost by subtracting swelling from the ostensible loan cost. Ostensible or nominal interest rate=Real loan cost + expansion rate You can have a negative genuine loan cost if expansion is more noteworthy than the ostensible financing cost. This is awesome for the account holder, he owes less. On the off chance that the ostensible financing cost was 5%, however there was 15% expansion, the borrower would owe half less more than 7 years, as his obligation weight would recoil by 10% a year. You cannot have a negative ostensible financing cost, nonetheless. Ostensible loan costs can just go to zero. So if there was flattening (negative expansion), the account holder would owe increasingly, and would not have any desire to acquire. Japan likewise has encountered collapse subsequent to the 1990s, and hindered development. Issue is, if the administration as of now has set financing costs to zero, it cannot bring down loan fees to empower monetary movement. A few business analysts call that the liquidity traps (Demary and Hther, 2015). The arrangements proposed incorporate whimsical money related approach, for example, quantitative facilitating (purchasing back securities, to put more trade out the economy) or charging banks expenses for the money they have close by. What is best for the economy is not swelling or collapse, yet rather balance, or value steadiness. Unassuming expansion of 1 or 2% a year appears to be ideal for the economy. Financial experts prescribe this as the "oil" that oils the economy. In financial matters, we frequently see a deferral between a monetary activity and a result. This is known as a period slack. An effect of time slacks is that the impact of approach might be harder to evaluate in light of the fact that it requires a time of investment to really happen (Billi, n.d.). Case of Time Lag Interest rate Changes. On the off chance that we cut financing costs, we would expect an ascent in speculation and buyer spending. This is because lower loan fees make it less expensive to get furthermore make it less appealing to spare. Lower loan costs ought to prompt higher total interest (Andersen, n.d.). In any case, there might be time slacks for various reasons. Fixed loan costs for acquiring and sparing. Shoppers may have a settled rate contract. This implies interest installments are altered for say 2 years. In this manner, it might be over a year prior to property holders really need to confront a higher loan cost (A predator-prey model with a time lag in the migration, 2014). Starting activities. On the off chance that a firm has begun a venture, they are unrealistic to stop in the center due to an expansion in loan fees. Once began they will keep on investing whatever happens to loan costs. Nevertheless, after some time, the higher financing costs may forestall future speculation ventures requiring some serious energy (Fortunato, 2014). Knowledge. Buyers do not have impeccable learning. They may not check financing costs each month, but rather just get to be mindful after a specific time. People may hold up to check whether the loan cost change is provisional or lasting. Commercial banks may defer going on the base rate cut onto customers. Significance of Time Lags Time slacks can settle on strategy choices. It is the evaluated financing cost changes taken up to year and a half to have the full impact. This implies money related strategy needs to attempt and anticipate the condition of the economy for up to year and a half ahead. In this way, time slacks have a tendency to lessen the adequacy of financial and monetary arrangement, particularly to try to 'adjust' the economy (Hordahl and Tristani, 2007). Conclusion In conclusion, inflation affects the interest rates both positively and negatively as illustrated in the paper. Time lags occurs for various reasons starting from the commercial bank deferring the base rate to fixed costs on loans that directly or indirectly affect the spending and borrowing of an individual to the latter holding of saving to check if the loan cost will change.(A predator-prey model with a time lag in the migration, 2014). The paper depict a clear view of the inflation causes and the effect of increase and decrease of interest rates on it. The individual spending increases with with the drop interest rates since they are able to borrow more and vice versa. On the same the saving is also affected since it will increase with high interest rates with the speculation of getting more from the high interest rates in the future. In conclusion time lag cause the flow of currency in an economy to slow due to the speculation surrounding it thus the causes of either negative or positive shift of the interest rates. References A predator-prey model with a time lag in the migration. (2014). ams. Andersen, A. (n.d.). Inflation Risk Premia in the Term Structure of Interest Rates: Evidence from Euro Area Inflation Swaps. SSRN Electronic Journal. Billi, R. (n.d.). The Optimal Inflation Buffer with a Zero Bound on Nominal Interest Rates. SSRN Electronic Journal. Demary, M. and Hther, M. (2015). When Low Interest Rates Cause Low Inflation. Intereconomics, 50(6), pp.350-355. Fortunato, S. (2014). Prizes: Growing time lag threatens Nobels. Nature, 508(7495), pp.186-186. Haubrich, J., Ritchken, P. and Pennacchi, G. (n.d.). Estimating Real and Nominal Term Structures Using Treasury Yields, Inflation, Inflation Forecasts, and Inflation Swap Rates. SSRN Electronic Journal. Hordahl, P. and Tristani, O. (2007). Inflation risk premia in the term structure of interest rates. Basel, Switzerland: Bank for International Settlements, Monetary and Economic Dept. Khan, A. and Thomas, J. (n.d.). Inflation and Interest Rates With Endogenous Market Segmentation. SSRN Electronic Journal. Koskela, E. and Viren, M. (n.d.). Household Saving, Interest Rates, Inflation and Taxation: Some Cross-Country Evidence. SSRN Electronic Journal. Malliaropulos, D. (n.d.). Long-term Interest Rates and Inflation. SSRN Electronic Journal. Tessaromatis, N. (n.d.). Stock Market Sensitivity to Interest Rates and Inflation. SSRN Electronic Journal. Yilmazkuday, H. (2013). Inflation targeting, flexible exchange rates and inflation convergence. Applied Economics, 45(5), pp.593-603.