What Are the Benefits of Workplace Diversity?

What Are the Benefits of Workplace innovation?As the whole world foodstuff changed into globalization, the smorgasbord steering becomes a major issuing to manage. So innovation precaution plays an important single-valued function in the successful running of the operation in an organization. Basic anyy the kind term refers to the difference in the sights value which makes them unique. These differences includes their gender, race, religion, culture, physical or cognitive ability, national origin, age or family structure.Diversity is defined as an aggregate team-level construct that represents differences among members of an interdependent live group with respect to a specific personal attribute. (Joshi, A., Roh, H.(2009))In a diverse milieu people cig arette benefit and learn much from others ideas. Many organizations form that recognition of these differences as prerequisites for high performance and continuous improvement, and this could lead towards the in exsity level and creativity of the organization. So these companies eer encourage a culture that sanctions and inspires personal growth both within the piece of get going and beyond. Mentoring, training, career mobility, and reverse-life residuum programs are just a little of the initiatives that bring to life the forward- thought climax.On the other hand on that point might be some drawback of the diverse environments resembling having much disorganization amid different groups could construct lack of productivity and promote few well-built relationships.Diversity ManagementDiversity Management is the key issue especially for HR department of an organization because if they run it very well they can increase the favorableness of the organization or the vice versa. Actually differences between people persuade ab let on how they feel or behave on an action. And of course these differences withal influence the vogue people work. If the organization takes these differences into account, it helps them to make optimal use of all capacities or capabilities in their employees, and thus have an optimistic influence on both the grapheme and amount of work that progress tos d ane. This is the utmost aim of Diversity Management.In the text book, Beyond function and Gender, R. Roosevelt Thomas defines managing innovation as a comprehensive managerial process for educateing an environment that kit and caboodle for all employees. A successful strategic diversity plan also directs to increased profits and bring down operating cost.In an organization, we have to be aware and sensitive to the differences among employees. What can be unpleasant to one group may be fine for another. For example, showing the base of shoes is not a wide deal in the United States. However, in other countries its an unlikable gesture. If youre aware of that, you might not fate to offend someone by allowing the bottom of your shoes to show while in his presence.Thats a pocket-sized example, but when these kinds of offends occurs at larger, may caused significant problems. Productivity can also be suffered, people could get hurt and a toxic work atmosphere may result.A process intended to bring in and maintain a positive work environment where the similarities and differences of individuals are valued, so that all can go by their potential and maximize their contributions to an organizations strategic goals and objectives. (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Diversity and Inclusion)How diversity wariness program runs in an organization done HR department could be well explained through infra diagramatomic number 63 has an increasingly diverse working population, with people of many different back drive playing a greater manipulation in the European labour market. This diversity reflects not only population changes due to immigration and mobility between regions and EU member states, but also an increasing recognition of the problems and issue s veneering a range of marginalised groups in the labour force, much(prenominal) as women, people with disabilities and older workers.International Journal of Human Resource Management, Feb2009, Vol. 20 Issue 2, p235-251, 17p, 1 DiagramDiagram put in on p245At conclusion Diversity centering means recognizing that people are different and using that difference to enhance the profitability and/or authorisation of your organization. The successful counselling diversity allows organizations toAttract and retain talentIncrease productivity by trim down the hours wasted on dealing with internal disputesDevelop a competitive edge.Encourage creative thinking by valuing the diversity within teams.What Are the Benefits of Workplace Diversity?By Neal Litherland, eHow Contributor .I want to do this Whats This? ..Ever since John Kennedy was the president of the United States, the concept of work discrimination, and the flip side of that coin which is workplace diversity, has been a comm on issue. However, workplace diversity offers many positives for employers and employees..PerspectivesHaving a mix of cultures, socialities and ages in the workplace can bring a variety of points of view to any project. As much(prenominal), problems can be thought out and viewed from fresh eyes.ToleranceWorking with people who come from different backgrounds and walks of life enhances the personal tolerance levels of all individual employee.FairnessA more diverse workplace is viewed, from an outside perspective, as being more open to accepting qualified applicants. Often an employer is seen as color blind, hiring purely on the merit of its employees. readiness SetWhen a workplace has a number of different demographics it gives the company a much broader aptitude set to draw upon, including cultural chthonianstanding and foreign language.Legal ProtectionOne of the clearest, though not as often quoted, benefits of a diverse workplace is that it is less likely that an employer le ad be the pass on of discrimination claims.Building the skidSince the early 1990s evidence has been mounting to suggest that in that location are numerous benefits associated with the adoption of sound diversity circumspection designs by employers. You will need to understand the benefits for adopting such an approach, if and when you finalise to start building the eluding for go acrossing a diversity management programme within your organisation. everyplace the last number of years, a variety of researchers have detailed the benefits of adopting a diversity management approach such as alter performance/productivity (Agocs and Burr, 1996 Richard, 2000)Increased creativity/flexibility (Cox and Blake, 1991 Robinson and Dechant, 1997)Higher quality problem-solving (Cox and Blake, 1991 Hubbard, 1999)Improved understanding/penetration of markets (Cox and Blake, 1991 Robinson and Dechant, 1997)Increased cater morale and calling satisfaction (Agocs and Burr, 1996)Improvements in round retention/less absenteeism (Agocs and Burr, 1996 Robinson and Dechant, 1997)Less law suits (Robinson and Dechant, 1997)Human Resource associations have also identified benefits of diversity management. According to the Society for Human Resource Management, the following are five key factors that make diversity initiatives important to businessesDiversity initiatives canImprove the quality of your organisations manpower and can be a gas for a better return on your investment in human capital.Capitalize on spick-and-span markets since customer bases are becoming more diverse.Attract the best and the brightest employees to a company.Increase creativity.Increase flexibility, ensuring survival. referencehttp//www.shrm.org/diversity/businesscase.aspIn 2000 and 2001, Mi.st Diversity Consulting conducted a survey of business leaders throughout Europe and found that the four benefits of diversity most often mentioned wereImproved team effectiveness and cooperation (interpersonal )Increased productivity (individual)Improved customer intimacy (consumers and markets)Broader access to labour markets (recruitment)Results from this survey were analysed and all the benefits of Diversity and Diversity Management were summa ejectd in the following tableResultsExternallyInternallyConsumers/MarketsIncreased market shareEase of entry into innovative marketsImproved customer intimacyIndividualIncreased productivityImproved morale and commitmentShareholders deepen ratingImproved attractivenessInterpersonalImproved team effectiveness and cooperationEasier integration of new lagLabour marketsBroader access to labour marketsImproved employer imageOrganisationalMore openness to changeEnhanced effectiveness of complex organizationCommunityImproved public imageSourceMichael Stubor (2002) Corporate Best behave What some European Organizations are Doing Well to Manage Culture and Diversity. In G. Simmons (Ed.), Eurodiversity A transaction need to Managing Difference, prec iselyterworth-Heinemann, LondonAlongside the benefits outlined above there are other background forces that drive the adoption of a diversity management approach by employers. Two common forces are described belowLabour Force Supply IssuesThe composition of the labour force in the EU is changing on an ongoing basis. Two of the most important changes in recent years areThe ageing of the workforceThe enlargement of the EU giving rise to a larger presence of ethnic minoritiesAs a result, employers need to be able to successfully accommodate a more diverse range of employees.cost of Discrimination shellsAlthough, anti-discrimination legislation has now been introduced in a number of European countries, employees are still facing prejudices that circulate in the workplace. This gives rise to employees taking discrimination cases against their employer, which can be damaging for the employer in toll of negative public opinion and high costs. An effective diversity management approach sh ould give rise to an environment that benefits all employees, where they feel valued and empowered and are enabled to reach their full potential. In such a positive environment it is highly unlikely that an employee would bring a discrimination case against their employer. comment ReferencesAgocs C. and Burr C. (1996)Employment equity, affirmative action and managing diversity assessing the differences, International Journal of manpower, Vol. 17, no(prenominal) 4, pp30-45.Cox T. and Blake S. (1991)Managing pagan Diversity implications for organizational competitiveness, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 5, none 3, pp45-56.Hubbard E. (1999)Diversity and the Bottom Line Facts, Figures and Financials, Diversity Factor, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp29-33.Richard O. (2000)racial diversity, business strategy, and firm performance A resource-based view,Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 43, pp164-177.Robinson G. and Dechant K. (1997)Building a parentage episode for Diversity, Academy of manag ement Executive, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp21-31.Implementing Diversity ManagementA major aim of this website is to support the development and implementation of diversity management programmes in the workplace. This is achieved in both main shipwayProviding normal data to users about diversity management issues, insurance and practice this is achieved through the main theatres of website which provide information onWhat is diversity managementBuilding the casePolicy and legislationDiversity management themesCase studiesAwardsLinks to useful websitesProviding support to the process of design and implementation of diversity management in enterprises this is achieved through two main applicationsThe diversity management toolkitThe e-learning course on diversity managementIf you wish to implement a diversity management programme, the diversity management toolkit provides support in two main waysIt describes a5 stage processof how to implement a diversity management programme in your workp laceIt providestool supportfor each of the activities you must undertake when implementing a diversity management programme in your workplaceThe e-learning course on diversity management is designed to raise awareness of diversity management amongst the participants in a diversity management programme. A major task in implementing diversity management is to ensure that all employees affected by the programme are fully aware of diversity issues and the approach which is being taken to them. The e-learning course is designed to inform employees of the basic issues and approaches to diversity management and to vindicate the need for an active diversity management policy in your organisation.Madison Co.Fortune Small Business Magazine recently had an article about a small company in Connecticut, Madison Co., that had an employee go through a major change. Over the course of time, one of its supervisors, Ann Ferraiolo had altered her look, and, then one day, came to work after an operati on and was now Tony, a male.As a manufacturing company, the company president, Steve Schickler, understood what could happen. Instead, he unyielding to intercede early to make things more comfortable for his supervisor, and let other employees know the company position. He and his human resources director made sure every employee knew to treat Ferraiolo with respect, both before and after the operation. They trenchant to support the supervisors sex change, and the company has never missed a beat. waste Mentoring ProgramsXerox was ranked No. 35 in 2009 by DiversityInc. It was one of the first international organizations to publicly make diversity a center of their mission back in the 1970s. This led to many mentoring and fast-track programs, and now minorities make up some 20 percent of its management staff, women make up nearly one-third, and portentous women, a group Xerox has worked with the most, recognizing their disadvantage in many organizations, makes up 20 percent of tha t group. This is a case where a subgroup of an already disadvantaged group might need to be addressed more thoroughly when looking at diversity issues overall.Why the Toolkit is importantIt is best to view the development and implementation of diversity management policy in your organisation as a project. This means that it should be treated in the same way as you would any other project. You will need to build support for the project, analyse the needs and opportunities, develop your own solutions and then implement and monitor the project as it progresses. This implies the need for effective project management tools and techniques. The DiManT toolkit provides you with a set of information, methods and techniques, which have been specifically designed to ease the process of implementing a diversity management project.The way that you use the toolkit is up to you. You may pick and choose only what is relevant for your purposes. You will aim a search facility to help you locate the tools that you need.However, if you want to begin the process of diversity management programme implementation from the beginning, you are advised to use the follow the process outlined in the toolkit. in that location you will find a complete guide to the activities you should undertake.The process is described in terms of a set of phases of activities, each of which has specific aims and each of which is supported by a number of tools.Click on the diagram for more information.Policy and LegislationThere is an increasing amount of policy and legislation initiatives in relation to diversity management at both EU and national levels. In this section you will find short descriptions of and reference to the main legislative and policy actions at both of these levels. Initiatives in the area of equality, disability, duty, ageing, gender and others are relevant here. They provide the backdrop for the development of diversity management programmes at workplace level.EU LegislationNation al LegislationThemesAgeDisabilityEthnicity and turn tailGenderReligionCase StudiesThis section provides a set of real life case studies of a range of diversity management issues. Two types of cases are presentedCompany case studiesLegal case studiesThe legal case studies section gives draft overviews of a range of legal cases which relate to diversity management. In the main, they relate to court judgements taken under antidiscrimination, disability and employment law, and they illustrate the ways in which violations of these laws are treated.The company case studies present a best practice view of how a range of organizations have developed and implemented diversity management programmes. They provide insight into what are the elements of good practice and into how diversity management programmes evolve in practice.Diversity management has become one of the primary challenges for HRM as organizations become diversity worldwide. (Benshchop, 2001 1166 DNetto Sohal, 1999 530)Resist ance todiversity programs may not only come from the majority but also minority groups. Diversity planners may be failing to include or consider the majority groups in their strategies and this is one of the reasons of backlash and discrimination. (Frase-Blunt, 2003 138)Ireland Degraded Employee Wins CaseMr Gabriele Piazza had claimed that the Clarion Hotel had directly discriminated against him due to the fact that he was gay. He tell he was gravel in relation to his conditions of employment, in particular on three occasions.He said that there had been a number of incidents when reference was made to his sexual orientation in a degrading manner. The incidents had happened in lie of various staff members who had found the situation funny, however he had not, he said.Mr Piazza said that in one incident, it came to his attention that emails from his manager were being sent to the human resources manager. He found the mails personally vile and degrading. In one, he was referred to as just a bloody woman and a spoilt child. When he challenged the HR manager about the emails, she ripped them up dismissively in front of him.In another incident, an employee made a comment of a sexual nature which Mr Piazza found offensive and degrading. He asked the person in question to stop making the comments, however the level of harassment increased.Mr Piazza insisted that in the sise months of his employment, he received no help or assistance from his manager or any member of the hotels management team.Following an investigation by the Equality Tribunal, Mr Piazza was found to have been discriminated against by the hotel on the grounds of his sexual orientation. He was awarded 10,000 compensation for harassment, distress and a breach of his rights under the Employment Equality Act, 1998.The hotel was also ordered to provide an equality training seminar to all staff, including management, within three months.Source http//www.irishhealth.com/?level=4id=6159Council Employee Wins Race CaseA council house department worker has been awarded more than 44,000 after winning a racial discrimination case.Surveyor Lakhbir Rihal complained four years ago that less-qualified white colleagues were promoted over him at the London Borough of Ealing. The council lost an employment tribunal case but appealed to the Court of Appeal, which upheld the decision. The tribunal found a glass ceiling prevented ethnic minority staff from securing senior management roles.Paul Kenny, a senior official of the GMB union, which supported Mr Rihal, said The leader of the council should do the decent thing and resign. Because the council failed to act, they have cost Ealing ratepayers hundreds of thousands of pounds.The union said it wanted the committee for Racial Equality (CRE) to conduct an investigation into race relations in the councils housing department. Ealing Councils interim stop of legal services, Chris Hughes, described the Court of Appeals decision as disappointing. He said We pursued this case because we believed the buffer employment tribunal had erred in law in its decision. The council remains committed to equal opportunities for all its staff, a fact which is reflected in the current statistics of black and ethnic minority staff in the housing department. At present 38% of senior staff working in the housing department are black or ethnic minority, which clearly reflects the population trends in the borough as a whole, a fact which was not before the Court of Appeal.Culture of White ElitismTom Dent, director of Housing and Environmental Health, added The background to this case is now over four years old. Since then we have been improving our services in housing and were encouraged by last years external auditors report which found that we were compliant with the Commission for Racial Equalitys code of practice in the rented housing sector in both service delivery and employment.But Lord Justice Sedley said the lack of ethnic minority man agers suggested a clear possibility there was a culture of white elitism in the upper echelon of the housing department.Mr Rihal, who has worked for Ealing Council for 12 years, told BBC London I would like the council to take notice of these things and to at least give a fair chance to Sikh people like myself who are highly qualified.He still works for the council and is applying for promotion.Source BBC NEWShttp//news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/england/london/3771403.stmBusiness Case for Diversity and EqualityTodays business environment is changing. The average age of the workforce is rising steadily and women now make up nearly fractional the workforce in the UK, double the numbers of 25 years ago. Projections show that in less than ten years time there will be two million more jobs in the economic system 80% of which will be filled by women.McJobs for all the Family05-02-2005McDonalds is pioneering a dodge that allows employees to share their job with family members. The Famil y Contract allows husbands, wives, grandparents and children over 16 to job-share and swap shifts without notifying management.The concept of diversity not only values and prize individuals, but recognises that everyone has different needs. Under the contract, which is the first of its kind in Britain, each worker clocks on and is paid separately through his or her own bank account.It is being tried in six cities around Britain. Co-habiting partners and same-sex partners can apply and, if it proves successful, McDonalds said it would expand it to include friends and extended family such as cousins.David Fairhurst, the manoeuver of McDonalds UK human resources operation, said A lot of our staff wanted more flexibility. Many are youngsters at college who have very different term hours and holiday hours. Many older staff have children, with all the demands that entails many look after relatives. So we decided to offer them the flexibility in a family context.McDonalds, which has 67,0 00 staff in 1,250 British restaurants, said flexible working reduced the number of sick days. It said the scheme was supported by the Department of Trade and Industry.The first family to sign up for a Family Contract were Rita Cross, 42, and her two daughters Laura, 18, and Natalie, 16, in Cardiff.Laura said the main advantage of the arrangement was its flexibility. We get up in the morning and decide which of us really wants to go to work, she said.Mrs Cross said it helped the whole family. We get a better work and life balance. Id love my husband to join up too, so that we can all plan our work and family life as one unit.BIBILIOGRAPHYMor Barak, Michalle E. Managing diversity towards a globally inclusive workplace 2nd sport ( Sage Publication ) page 140.International Journal of Human Resource Management, Feb2009, Vol. 20 Issue 2, p235-251, 17p, 1 DiagramDiagram found on p245U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Diversity and Inclusion. (n.d.). Diversity management. In Glossary. Retrieved may 8, 2009, from http//www.diversity.hr.va.gov/glossary.htmhttp//www.irishhealth.com/?level=4id=6159

Moral Complexity in Kieslowskis the Decalogue (1989)

Moral Complexity in Kieslowskis the Decalogue (1989)Although the moral stories that constitute Polish manager Krzyszto Kielowskis The Decalogue (1989) were inspired by the ecstasy Commandments (as per the guides umbrella title), the way they relate to Gods Law as revealed to Moses is by no means straightforward or clear-cut nor is the rich symbolism which Kieslowski weaves byout the films. As this paper shall demonstrate, the ideas and themes in The Decalogue are mazy and often ambiguous, especially with respect to two primary and recurring symbols the huge flat tire complex where the various characters reside and occasionally cross paths and an unnamed, mysterious male figure who hovers on the interference fringe of the action, silent and ob dowery. Kielowski uses these two symbols to illustrate and develop the metaphysic that lies at the heart of the film.The films that constitute The Decalogue should be invited by the unmarried principles to the homogeneous degree that the commandments influence our daily lives, Kielowski notes in the introduction to the published script of The Decalogue (quoted in Cunneen, 1997). Joseph Cunneen suggests that this influence is subtle and indirect. It is signifi whoremastert that the films do not have separate titles that contain text of the commandments as a result, the viewer is often unsure of the relationship between a film and a pull up stakesicular commandment to the director, if the numbers of some installations were reversed for example 6 and 9 it would identify no difference (Cunneen, 1997). Kielowski hence encourages intellectual guess engagement on the part of his auditory modality. I merely announce, for example, Decalogue 1. The spectator looks at the film and . . . begins to trust about the commandment(s). (Kielowski, as quoted in Cunneen, 1997). For example, in Decalogue VI there take hold ofm to be no university extension to any one particular commandment, though it does contain references to stealing (the peeping-tom protagonist steals a telescope to descry on a female neighbor) and killing (the same character slashes his wrists near the end of the film).This thoroughly un-didactic court enables Kielowski and his co-screenwriter, Krzysztof Piesiewicz, to develop their themes with subtlety and restraint (Porton, 50). In The Decalogue, as in deportment, nothing is cut and dried. Each occurrence can be likened to a moral parable that suggests . . . how we can live ethically in a world where the false comfort of either a belief in God or dialectic materialism is unavailable, states Porton (Porton, 48). Jonathan Rosenbaum would seem to agree that the films power is suggestive sooner than didactic The finely shape scripts of these films become suggestions of how we might think about these people, not directives about how we should judge them (Rosenbaum, 159).He goes on to consecrate that the decision to produce a series of films that correspond to the Ten Commandmen ts in name and number is fundamentally a packaging idea, successfully designed to give Kielowski an international reputation and made in part for export (Rosenbaum, 155). By the directors own admission, he and Piesiewicz avoided any overt political references to the Poland of the mid-1980s in order that the films could be marketed in other countries (Stok, 145). Yet none of this detracts from The Decalogues intellectual, moral and aesthetic stature.Kielowski is a serious artist whose last-ditch concern is integrity that of his characters and also of himself, as a filmmaker. He does not teach morality (in the guts of thou shalt not) but rather contemplates and probes lifes so-called grey areas. According to him, integrity is an extremely compound combination and we can neer ultimately say I was honest or I wasnt honest. In all our actions . . . we find ourselves in a position from which theres really no way out and even if there is, its not a better way out but only the lesser evil. This choosing which way out to take, of course, defines integrity (Stok, 146 149).The notion, then, that a set of ten rules is all we need is simplistic to the point of absurdity. The decisions we all must make in our lives are often difficult and painful they are also dependent on a host of different factors which have to be weighed and taken into account. Where morality is concerned, perspectives have to be altered and sometimes replaced with new ones. Mario Sesti suggests that the complexity of the ideas at play in The Decalogue is symbolized, in part, by the high-rise flat complex which is the central setting for all the episodes. Throughout the work a system of hints, correspondences and allusions imperceptibly laces together the compound plights of the characters who live in the same apartment block. Everyone either knows or ignores one another, but everyone is aware (however reluctantly) that they belong to the same narrative (Sesti, 183).Portman remarks that Kielowsk is signature theme in virtually all his films (not just The Decalogue) is the ineffability of human experience through chance encounters or near-encounters of protagonists whose paths would never ordinarily intersect (Portman, 2001). Locating most of the action in and some the huge apartment create where the various characters live, and where their paths occasionally cross, allows Kielowski to stage such(prenominal) chance encounters and near-encounters while (weaving the) hit episodes into an overall tapestry (Sesti, 183).The director notes that the idea of choosing characters at random and observing how they act and interrelate is tumesce-served by the apartment building setting We had the idea that the camera should pick somebody out, . . . then follow him or her throughout the rest of the film, he says, adding that since the apartment building has thousands of similar windows framed in the establishing dig, it was an ideal setting for his purposes (Stock, 146).Cunneen exp lains that the apartment building helps unify the series since we see the same few buildings once more and again (that is, from episode to episode), adding that in such a context it becomes natural for a character we see on the stairs in one episode to become a major figure in a later one (Cunneen, 2001). By extension, it would not be an exaggeration to say that the apartment building symbolizes the unity and interrelatedness of experience.Despite the interrelatedness, Michael Wilmington argues that all the characters in the series think of themselves as essentially marooned (Wilmington, 2001). Occasionally, to some minor degree, the setting shifts away from the capital of Poland suburb and into the city, and even the countryside, yet the director has a nostalgic idea of a return the monotonous high-rise blocks (Wilmington, 2001). The symbolism of the notion to portray such areas of Warsaw is that only in those tall grey buildings can the audience get familiar with some differe nt emotions of the inhabitants love, hate, friendliness, politeness, curiosity and more. There is constant interaction between the neighbors, making Kielowskis series very true to life(predicate) and simple to understand for his viewers.The apartment building is, in effect, an objective correlative to this very malaise. The deliberately blue-eyed(a) or brackish colors of the building capture an edifice that signifies both the State and the monotony of life in Peoples Poland (Porton, 2001). In a similar vein, Agnieszka Tennant makes reference to the mass-produced, colorless buildings, cheerless wintry outdoors, iciness flats and impersonal stairwells, elevators and offices that constitute the films mise-en-scne ( tenant, 2001).Another function of the apartment-building setting is that it allows for an open narrative structure a structure which invites the viewer to interpret the actions of the protagonists, to follow their struggles with destiny in an abundance of chance encounte rs (Haltof, 79), while serving as a convenient symbol for voyeurism and shifting perspectives (that is to say, the viewers as well as the directors behold). Cunneen is compensate to stress that Kielowskis camera is fond of windows, mirrors, or any objects that offer possibilities of reflections (Cunneen, 2001). This tendency opens new perspectives on the protagonists of the film series. They are viewed from behind the glass, lens or mirror which highlights that their actions could not be what they seem and have more dimensions to them.In Kielowskis films, glass serves to self-consciously foreground the act of looking, according to Annette Insdorf (Cunneen, 2001, quoting Insdorf in the latters Double Lives, p. 91). In Decalogue V, Piotr, the lawyer of Jacek the killer, is framed in a mirror before we actually see him. As well, the number one wood victim is puted as glass reflects the apartment complex and Jacek is introduced in the street, reflected in a mirror as well (Insdorf q uoted in Cunneen, 2001). Sesti refers to Kielowskis themes of uncertainty and bewilderment, noting that the most typical image in The Decalogue is a shadowy interior, a character at the window, or a scan without rancor, happiness or hope (Sesti, 187). A brass in point is Decalogue VI, which begins with Olaf, the peeping tom character, descry on Magda, the older woman who is his neighbor, but ends in reverse, with Magda spying on him. Kielowski concedes that this change in perspective is essential to the episodes structure (Stok, 169). Other examples of the gaze may be found in Decalogue I when the boy Pawel watches a pigeon on his windowsill in the beginning. Later, after Pawel drowns, his aunt watches slow-motion monument footage of him on a TV screen in a shop window. In Decalogue V the gaze is noticed during the murder of the cab driver when the killer Jacek hesitates for a brief moment when the victim looks up at him and Jacek sees his suffering he responds by covering the m ans head (Hogan, 2008). Curiously, Kielowski here seems to be equating the gaze with death.Another significant and symbolic link between the episodes is the presence of the mysterious, silent young man whom the audience sees only occasionally. He is absent from episodes 7 and 10. This omnipresent figure with searingly watchful eyes and an Old volition intensity (Cunneen, 2001) usually shows up just before a character makes a difficult ethical decision, or just before something unexpected happens (Tennant, 2001).He can be observed in Decalogue I sitting at a campfire in Decalogue V, as a road inspector and also as a painter in prison in Decalogue VI, as a man in a sporting suit in Decalogue VIII, as a student listening to the lecture of one of the two main(prenominal) characters and in Decalogue IX, as a cyclist who watches the protagonist try to kill himself. This mysterious man can be identified with a guardian angel or the walking consciousness. He is present at the times of crucial decisions by the protagonists, but he never judges. On the contrary the angel is trying to push the troubled heroes to a better moral choice, as with Jacek in Dekalogue V he shakes his head to silently protest the murder or in Dekalogue IX saving Roman from succeed in his suicidal attempt.The figure is still puzzling because he seems to have very little to no influence on the action and therefore cannot be considered a character in the proper sense. Tenant believes he symbolizes Gods presence among us, Christian conscience, or at least for a secular audience stack (Tenant, 2001), while Haltof sees him as an Angel of Fate who adds an almost metaphysical dimension to the films (Haltof, 81). As Sesti explains, although the figure never interferes with the action, he is perfectly aware of it to the point of foreseeing its conclusion. He never utters a word but rather looks directly into the camera, and his disquieting silence seems to comment on the story. Sesti agrees that t his kind of chorus figure acts as a unifying link for the episodes but points out that we do not identify with him, for his presence suggests the inflexibleness of fate and the vulnerability of every individual. . . . His gaze is the gaze of some divine figure, distressed by his inutility and by the impossibility of redeeming the world (Sesti, 184).The ambiguity and symbolic richness of the angel figure and of the apartment complex testifies to Kielowskis mastery as a filmmaker. The Decalogue does not lend itself to a reductionist reading quite an the opposite. A vast fresco of private emotions and subtle interactions (Wilmington, 2000) on the one hand, it is also a work that is rich in themes and ideas. As Wilmington observes, these themes are in fact common to all of Kielowskis films Choice is fate. distract underlies beauty. Isolation is an illusion. Disparate are we. Sin is inescapable. Soul is flesh. Film is life. The Decalogue, Kielowskis prime act of cinematic voyeurism, dr aws those go together (Wilmington, 2000). By turning to such methods as a common setting of high-rises in Warsaw and a small trace of a mystic messenger from God, Kielowski is able to unite and add viscidity to ten short films from his Dekalogue series. The films are complex and deep. They require thorough analysis and knowledge of the Biblical context. The causality is making it easier to understand for his audience by bringing in common threads to each episode and opening the conclusions for different interpretations and room for opinions.ReferencesCunneen, Joseph. Being Alive is a Gift Krzysztof Kielowskis The DecalogueSpiritus A Journal of Christian Spirituality. 11. 2001. pp. 79-85. John HopkinsUniversity Press. (Note Cunneen quotes Kielowski in the introduction to thepublished script of The Decalogue, for which, see bibliographic entry.)Cunneen, Joseph. Kieslowski on the mountaintop. Commonweal. 12414, Aug. 15,1997. reinvigorated York, N.Y., 1997. pp. 11-14Haltof, Marek. T he Cinema of Krzysztof Kielowski Variations on Destiny and Chance.Wallflower Press London. 2004. pp. 75-107.Hogan, Patrick Colm. Tragic Lives On the Incompatibility of Law and Ethics. CollegeLiterature. westernmost Chester 353, Summer 2008. 30 pp.Kielowski, Krzysztof. Introduction, in Kielowski, K. and Piesiewica, P., DecalogueThe Ten Commandments translated by Phil Cavendish and Suzanna Bluh.London Faber and Faber, 1991.Kieslowski, Krzystof and Krzysztof Piesiewicz. The Decalogue. VHS. Distributor hatful Part. 10 episodes on 5 cassettes. Directed by K. Kieslowski. 1987.Porton, Richard. The Decalogue. Cineaste. sensitive York Summer 2001. 263 pp. 48-50.Rosenbaum, Jonathan. immanent Cinema On the Necessity of Film Canons.John Hopkins University Press Baltimore. 2004. pp. 152-159.Sesti, Mario. DEKALOG 1 10. In The dark God Film and Faith. Mary LeaBrandy and Antonio Monda, eds. The Museum of Modern Art New York, N.Y.2003. pp. 183-187.Stok, Danusia, ed. Kielowski on Kielowski. Fab er and Faber Limited London, 1993.Tennant, Agnieszka. The Ten Commandments become flesh. Christianity Today.Carol Stream 452, Feb 5, 2001. pp. 75-76Michael Wilmington. Long decades journey into light. Film Comment. New York,N.Y. 362, March/April 2000. pp. 9-10

Teaching Phonics in Elementary Schools

instruct Phonics in Elementary SchoolsPhonics discharge be defined as an mastery in sound-letter comparisonship pulmonary tuberculosisd in translation and writing (Strickland, 1998). In earlier times an alphabet spell musical arrangement dominated the give architectural plan lineing of claiming, however, a phonetic method was introduced in which small fryren were taught mortal sound letter relation and how to blend to decipher names. Teachers were disgruntled with the method at the time because much attention was placed on word analysis and little interest was given to comprehension. Children were expected to instruct either word as a sight word, making show up s down(p) and laborious. This approach was temporarily abandoned and the basal schooling curriculum was introduced. The basal film programs held predominance over other methods and wherefore studyers became discontent with them as the only form of course session command and again returned to phonics. unhomogeneous changes methodology was initiated in an attempt to solve the interpreting problem in the uncomplicated schools. The literature found approaches to training bidding in which phonics is taught in conjunction with other word identification strategies was among the practical application. These modly approaches though widely varied in application financial statement phonics continue to be heard nowadays. The support of phonics is combined with demands for a greater emphasis on spelling and grammar. Phonics counseling reveals deep philosophical differences ab out(a) command, learning and leads to function struggles over pedagogyal policy. Despite the potential for the phonics debate to polarize educational communities, most educators and p bents try to avoid instructional pendulum swings that confuse than clarify issues. They consider to concentrate their efforts on providing effectual literacy programs.Types of Phonics on that point are different types of phon ics instruction approaches that vary according to the explicitness by which the phonic elements are taught and practiced in the reading of schoolbook, it is important to take in the five specific types of phonics instruction and what they entail. self-opinionated phonics approach is a sequential that set on phonics elements are taught on a dimension of explicitness depending on the type of phonics method employed (national reading panel2000).Analogy phonics is teaching schoolchilds unfamiliar words by similitude and to get it on words (e.g., we distinguish that the rhyme segment of an unfamiliar word is very(a) to that of the a familiar word, and then blending the known rhyme with the new word onset, such as reading sick by recognizing that -ick is contained in the known word kick, or reading hump by analogy to mumps).Analytic phonics is growing phonics to teaching students to analyze letter sound relations and learning words to avoid pronouncing sound in isolation.Embedde d phonics is using phonics to teaching students phonics skills by embedding phonics instruction in text reading and a more implicit approach that relies to some extent on resultant learning.Phonics through spelling is when teaching students to segment words into phonemes and also to claim letters for those phonemes.Synthetic phonics is teaching students explicitly to convert letters into sounds and then blend the sounds to form recognizable words. match to national institution of babe and human development report the national reading panel (2000), that phonics instruction teaches student to use the relationship amid letters and sounds to translate printed text into pronunciation of words. But it is surprising that many students and teachers do non understand the prefatorial rules in learning or teaching phonics instruction in the content neighborhood.Students knowing the radical phonetic instruction rules will jock them sound out words and memorize sight words. Phonics ad vocates focus their efforts on the primary grades and emphasize the importance of students being able to sound out (read) words based on the phonetic instruction (Reyhner, 2000).Inadequacy of Teaching PhonicsThe phonological instruction is a remarkably, powerful technique and away to teach every(prenominal) child to reading and spelling. The different strategies of phonics instruction a child must go through before they can incur phonics lessons, from infancy to generator of school and at each stage the kind of suffice the child needs from qualified teachers with the cognition.There are many elementary teachers who have no idea of teaching phonics instruction to students. Primary teachers education students themselves frequently express concern over their lack of confidence in their phonics knowledge and their frustration having to teach and rely on abstract chapters in textbooks those are quite difficult to understand. Today the education programs are weight with an overcro wded curriculum, in which phonics has successively reduced in lined with pedagogical trends based on literacy acquisition.Teachers complained that phonics instruction is a difficult subject because they are not receiving sufficient explicit and overbearing knowledge especially in relation to phonological knowledge in helping the child to read. Jalongo (1998) has commented that is a virtual(prenominal) conspiracy afoot among educators to keep this superior knowledge to ourselves and deny children doorway to the keys to the kingdom of reading. Teachers are either too lazy to teach phonics or too obstinate to consider it. Teachers and their trainee teachers do not understand how to teach phonics instruction and they rely on computer exercise and games to supply the phonics activities.Buckland and Fraser (2008) has say these teachers accepted literary knowledge but they did not have knowledge of building blocks language necessary for the big picture of efficacious literacy teaching. It is the skipper responsibility of teachers to develop extensive knowledge of phonics instruction a repertory of teaching strategies to adapt to the needs of individual children in order to visualize success.Using Phonics instruction to Improve ReadingMany researchers and educators still inquire about the use of phonics instruction help student to reform their reading. agree to research has shown that systematic phonics instruction significantly enhances students in kindergarten through to ordinal grade and children having difficulty in learning how to read. Children that receive systematic beginning instruction were better able to read text and also the amelioration in their ability to comprehend text (NICHD, 2000).Systematic synthetic phonics has a positive effective on student with poor reading abilities and low grade achievement with students in school. A child who has been introduced to systematic phonics instruction in elementary school at early levels is able to read properly. Teaching reading using phonics instruction helps kindergarten better understanding the use of alphabetic principles and better able to give students a faster protrude in learning to read than direct instruction these children alphabetic knowledge and reading skills have improved. Teachers need to improve students skills in reading by teaching phonics instruction in a meaningful way with a text and emphasize the role of systematic synthetic phonics in the classroom. There are many students who are moving out of the education system that cannot read because they cannot distinguish between sounds of words while some were not exposed to a book or even phonics instruction. Educators need to be focused on a early intervention literacy program and dominance a strong phonics instruction which emphasize on reading program across the curriculum that fulfil the reading difficulties in the classrooms.Findings cited in the field of study Reading Panel Report (NICHD, 2000) on the of systematic phonics instruction including the questSystematic phonics instruction was shown to produce substantial improvement in reading and spelling in kindergarten through sixth grade, especially for younger children who fortune of future reading failure and disable readers. The contribution of systematic phonics instruction to reading provide achievement was greater than that of programs that provided unsystematic phonics instruction and programs that include no phonics instruction.Positive results were greater with younger students (kindergarten students and first graders), indicating that beginning systematic phonics instruction early is helpful.Systematic phonics instruction produced gains when used in a variety of grouping patterns such as one-on-one tutoring, small groups, and whole-class instruction.Gains in reading were demonstrated by children from all socioeconomic levels.Systematic phonics instruction improved comprehension and showed an even greater impact on word re cognition (pp.26).This finding encourages the government and educators should be using phonics instruction to improve the quality of their reading program in elementary schools. There are many students moving from grade to grade who cannot read and comprehend the text.The ruff support for children with significant literacy difficulties to enable them to catch up with their peers, and relationship between such targeted intervention programmes with phonics teaching. The teaching of early reading and phonics in primary schools and early old age setting, will improve literacy in school today and including both the content area (Europe Intelligence Wire, 2005).Comprehension using PhonicsAccording to NICHHD (2000), reading comprehension is the act of understanding and interpreting the information inwardly a text. Children exposed to phonics at an early age and understanding methods of decrypt words can begin to engage in regular reading by translating letters into sounds of oral langu age and then using their cognitive processes to facilitate listening comprehension to understand what they have read. Teachers can chip in relevant scaffolding to help student understand textual meaning, and acquire the cipher for mapping sound onto letter to develop their comprehension skill. The advanced quality phonics instruction should be taught as the primary approach to student in learning to decode (to read) and encode (to write/spell) that will help in analysis comprehension. Phonics instruction should be emphasized within a broad and rich language curriculum that develop students in the area of comprehension skills and expand childrens abilities of words. Teaching comprehension using phonics to elementary children should be multisensory in order to arouse their interest by motivating in an exciting wayGambrell, Marrow and Pressley (2007) explained that students often need concentrated instructional support in phonics approaches in order to learn important skills and stra tegies that they competency have difficulty discovering and principles of comprehension skills.Comprehension is an important development of childrens reading skills in academic learning in all subjects areas and in womb-to-tomb journey. Learning comprehension using phonics is a dynamic aspect for readers in the understanding of a text that provides the context within which to comprehend individual words and sentences. In teaching comprehension passages, students need to understand basic phonetic instruction to read words and spell.Cain( 2003) stated that word reading is essential for reading comprehension but does not ensure unafraid comprehension of written text if children do not understand basic phonetics. Children who develop age appropriate word reading lack teaching phonics instruction in the classroom therefore their reading comprehension is poor. They also have poor listening comprehension, indicating that subtle word reading difficulties can be the source of their readin g comprehension problems.The theoretical approaches in the teaching phonics instruction has found to improve childrens success in learning to read and was extensively more effective than little or no phonics instruction in the elementary schools. Phonics instruction has positive effective on reading and comprehension skills on children in literacy and also in the traditional and contemporary methods are lacking, emphasis must be placed on the development of new methods that provide teachers with much needed guidance and explication in these years of reformulation in the classrooms (Wilson and Colmar, 2008).CONCLUSIONTeaching students to read is a responsible of every teacher in education system. Teachers have to implement creative and effective instructional practices to in the curriculum. Teaching students to read is a responsibility of every teacher in the education system. Teachers have to implement creative and effective instructional practices in the curriculum.The education sy stem needs to place more emphasis on phonics by using to help combat analphabetism in children. Children who were taught phonics at an early age

Example Of Company In Malaysia English Language Essay

Example Of Company In Malaysia English language Essay at that place ar several pillow slips of company in Malaysia using different shells of audience method such(prenominal) as partner wonder, capacity found question, selection question, and practiced oppugn.Partner call into question management on more discussion than formal cogency based interview .Normally, ranking(prenominal) manager would enquire the quite a littledidates to describe how they forget act if given a particular situation. For instance, a question from PricewaterhouseCoopers Company in Malaysia (PwC) for the green goddessdidates, asking that if you were aged partner at PwC, what would keep you up at night? also that, partner interview also focuses on commitment to c beer and commercialized aw arness competencies in PwC. Commitment to career is a capability should modify candidates to illustrate in credit line interviews. Interviewers exit always try to check out how much the candidates know about their organization. For example, the position they adjudge for, the industry they volition work in and what they will be doing if they are employed. Hence, commitment to a career is a highly valued capability to employers because they can delay whether a candidate is a good investment. Furthermore, commercial awareness is the dexterity to observe the scenario from a commercial or business concern perspective. It follows what makes a business successful by the purchasing and trading of goods and expediencys and the factors that affect success.In addition, the interview in PwC will also generate a efficacy based interview readed by their Manager from the line or service Senior Manager to which candidates had utilise. It is given approximately 45 minutes to conduct the interview. It will focus mainly on candidates resumes and precedent experiences. Candidates will be evaluated on core competencies. PwC have judged are vital to all employees to possess. These are commitment to career, commercial awareness, teamwork, motivation, initiative, flexibility and communicating with impact. Interview questions that will be provided for graduate candidates at PwC, unsloped like the others of the Big 4 Company, are standardized. They normally will be asked some interview questions like, What are your victimization areas?, What do you think is your strengths?, What is the reason that make you want to leave your sit job? and many more.Candidates should withstand PwCs Global Core competencies in consciousness during their interviews as what they will be tested on. At interview, they are evaluate to be able to give examples on how they show these efficiencies in the previous organization. Moreover, they will be supposed to give responses according to the experiences within university age such as work, education and extracurricular. Generally, PwC interview will more on flowing colloquy between candidates and interviewer. Although the interview will be force based, however, the examples graduate candidates are asked by manager whitethorn be cerebrate to their resumes or general discussion about their accomplishment. However, speaking in English fluently also makes the candidates easy to communicate with the interviewers to deliver their messages efficiently.The other example of company in Malaysia is Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) shows a procedure of hiring and recruiting for public view, which is cognise as selection interview. The hiring process and procedures will be available for applicants in BNMs official website. While, in that location is no apparent evidence that states the measuring rods are properly adhered and executed, demonstrating like the right choice for employer in a term of work workes from initiation to completion, and delivers the right message to the candidates that the company conducts the hiring process seriously. The BNM is sounding for the employees that possess the ability of lessenionate, high achievers, k-workers like those who have the knowledge and creativity to give challenges and team spirit.The above illustration shows the interview and recruitment process. Normally, for those who applying for a position in Bank Negara, they will experience a hardly a(prenominal) recruitment processes, which are divided into 3 sections. Firstly, the Filtering or the Preliminary step will be involved more on resume covering, which screening is do on the candidates working experience, academic qualification and professional requirements. Candidates may be called up for the low gear round interview. Next, for the professional positions, as prior(prenominal) condition, candidates are required to achieve 3.0 CGPA, which mean 2nd Class amphetamine or equivalent, in the tertiary education, as well as scoring a Credit in Bahasa Malaysia and English in SPM. Once the candidates pass the initial screening, they will call up for the next screening process, which implicates penning ass essment, and as well as a behavi vocal interview. Behavioral based interview is more likely assessed in the personality, character and converse skill quite than their expert skills. Finally, for those candidates who pass the interview and assessment will be look atd by Senior Manager and get confirmation from the counsel department, Human Resource and the hiring division. in that locationfore, an purpose will be prolonged and the offer letter will be sent to the succeeded candidates.KPMG in Malaysia also conducts technical interview in their firm. This is a kind of interview that representively significant questions to the agency candidates have applied for, brain teaser or numerical logical thinking questions, or both. Technical interviews are commonly used to assess candidates for specializer graduate job positions. For example, jobs in Information Technology, Engineering and Science rather than common graduate schemes. Candidates should have the computerized skills demon strate personal skills, ability to face the tension in order to achieve the organizational goal. Besides that, communication skill is authoritative when they are requested to present their proposal during the interview.For example, in the KPMG accounting firm, candidates will be asked in detail about the technologies that were applied on the project and the processes employed .Candidates are required to explain their piece was to en true the system work smoothly. Furthermore, if candidates managed a team then they will be asked about their management style and how they ensured their team worked effectively and the pass along they had made. Sometimes candidates may be asked about specific investment products that they have worked with, if it is on their resumes, they can use these ideas in the position that they are applying for. proofInterview is the most common method for a company to take on job analysis data. It provides those realistic information about what factually job i ncumbents do. Most of the company managers use these method for developing job verbal description as well as job specification. An interview is a conversation between two or more commonwealth where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain more information from the candidate through oral responses to oral inquires.There are several kinds of interviews that apply in the work linguistic context of an organization. For instant, there are appraisal interview, exit interview and selection interview. There are also three fonts of selection interview structure such as unstructured interviews, semi-structured interviews and structured interviews.Selection interview have pros and cons. In the pros view, we can determine whether the candidate has the requisition necessary for the job a not, interviewer can obtain supplementary information, and etc. For the cons view, a subjective evaluations can be made in which decision tend to be made within the first few minutes of the interview and the remainder of the interview used to validate or justify the original judgement, and etc.Interviewer can classify interviews based on the content or types of questions to ask the candidates. There are situational interview questions where the candidate being interviewed to describe about the live up to they will take in a given situation. Another type would be the behavioral interview where interviewer asks the candidate to describe how the candidate controverted to actual situations in the past. There are also job-related interview questions where the interviewer asks the candidates about questions that are related to job that focus on relevant past job-related behaviours. Besides, there are also stress interview which an uncomfortable situation is measuredly created during the interview in order to test how the candidate is going to react under pressure. The aim is supposedly to spot sensitive candidates and the degree of stress tolerance of candidates.Every company have different ways administering the interview of their company such as using unstructured sequential interviews which interviewers ask the candidates questions as they come on mind, using structure sequential interview which the candidate is interviewed sequentially by several persons and each interview pass judgment the candidate on a standard form, using the panel interview where interview conducted by a group of people and not just by a single interviewer, using phone interview where interview for employment is conducted on the phone when it is not convenient to meet in person, using video or web-assisted interview which the firms use the web to do selection interview, and using computerized interview.There are similarities and differences among countries all over the universe of discourse in assessing the interviewees. In Australia, the interviewers emphasize the first video that the interviewees portray onward the interview session begins, during the interview and by and by t he interview session ends. The first impression includes both the physical appearances and non-verbal behaviours of the interviewees. The interviewees are expected to dress neatly and properly when attending an interview. Interviewees are also advised to have more oculus contact and show high level of energy in an interview session as this may help them to succeed in the first interview. The non-verbal behaviours that interviewees in Australia show are shaking hands with everybody in the interview room before interview begins and before the interviewees leave the room, maintaining eye contact with interviewers while talking and sitting down only after the interviewers invite them to do so. These non-verbal behaviours are almost same as Americans. People, in western countries such as America, prefer addressing people with first tell while people in eastern countries such as japan and Malaysia prefer last name basis in greeting. Punctuality is important in interview as it show that the interviewees are interested in the job that they applied. Biases in the aspect of gender in found in a portion of interviews in eastern countries. In western countries, people emphasize on the higher position of job and qualifications. However, most countries apply similar factors when assessing the interviewees.In Malaysia, PricewaterhouseCoopers Company apply partner interview and competency based interview in interview session. Partner interview focus more on discussion, commitment to career and commercial awareness competencies. susceptibility based interview emphasize the candidates resumes and previous experiences. Candidates will be evaluated on their core competencies. Candidates may respond to interview by relating the answers to their previous experiences. The type of interview that Bank Negara Malaysia applied is selection interview. Interviewees have to undergo a few recruitment processes. The preliminary step is resume screening. After this, candidates may be calle d up for first interview. After candidates pass initial screening, they will be called up for paper assessment and behavioral interview session. Finally, those candidates who pass the interview and assessment will be hired and get confirmation. KPMG conducts technical interview, which is used to assess candidates for specialist graduate job positions. Candidates will be asked about the technologies applied and process employed.Although there are several types of interview that companies can apply, an effective interview is the most important aspect for the companies to hire the best candidate that are applying for the job. The interviewers are expected to prepare for the interview, uprise questions to ask the interviewees, conduct the interview and match the candidates to the job that suits them. The interviewers should make sure that the candidates know the requirements of the vacancy such as job description, experiences and skills that are required. The candidates exposit and ap plication data are read and any questions or clarifications concerning the inside information are prepared before conducting the interview. Questions relating to the skills, experiences, and knowledge should be asked too. Interviewees should also be prepared for the interview, uncover the interviewers needs and relate the answers to their needs, make good impression by arriving on time and dress neatly, think before reply and ask questions relating to the organization or job.

Mental Status Examination

Mental lieu ExaminationIn order to thoroughly evaluate, Jason it would be very useful if a Mental Status Examination is conducted. The MSE would occur taste to the testees vox populi process, thought content, perception, and cognition. Also, the quizzer would be adapted to document the examinees come forthance, irritation, and affect. A semi-structural wonder style whitethorn be the best nestle to conduct the MSE. This approach would cast radixard questions but also impart an opportunity for the political campaigner to build a rapport with the examinee. Therefore, the inspector could create an environment that would put forward comfort and ease which should aldepression the examinee to become less guarded.A re vox populi of material that could unveil indicators of potential maladaptive expression would be useful to enhance the examiners low indorseing of the examinee. In traffic patternation such as former mental sound judgements and medical inquiry records would be very helpful comp hotshotnts in insertion indicators. This nurture would uncover any medical or mental problems antecedently identified that could stupefy contributed to the examinees behavior. Since it has been revealed that the examinee is taking the medication diazepam, it would be secure for the examiner to conduct investigate on the side effects and its reception with otherwise drugs. Perhaps, the departs from a blood toxicology shew would definitively determine all the drugs in Jasons lugg develop compartment at the cadence he was arrested. This drug related education discount give precious indications that could inform the examinees behavior.A review of the examinees family psychological and medical history could give data on hereditary traits that could flip added to the examinees behavior. In addition, a review of the examinees unlawful record could give a metreline of how Jasons fell activity progresses or digresses over the forms. Thus, a rev iew of the examinees criminal record could give insight to trends in the examinees maladaptive behavior.Other bloods of t all(prenominal)ing that could pose as ripe(p) use atomic number 18 results of an intelligence test such as the WAIS-III and a record test such as the MMPI-2. The WAIS-III give examine Jasons vocabulary direct, abstract thinking, concentration, immediate memory, judgment, alertness to flesh out and a host of other intelligence measures (Ka visualize Saccuzzo, 2005). In essence, the WAIS-III will try out if Jason is able to act with purpose, to think logically and to deal effectively with his purlieu (Ka intent Saccuzzo, 2005). The MMPI-2, on the other hand, measures Jasons tendency to possess some type of psychopathy. The MMPI-2 is a self- say that examines Jasons take of over name of bodily symptoms, level of depression, level of over dramatization, level of psychopathic deviates, level of paranoia, level of schizophrenic tendencies, and level of impulse control (Kaplan Saccuzzo, 2005). It should be noned that the MMPI-2 only gives a conjecture of psychopathy and does non give a diagnosing. An broad psychological testing would be submit in order to mighty diagnosing the hypothesis.Lastly, substantiating contacts which is cultivation ga on that pointd from man-to-mans closely associated or related to the examinee could give useful information to the examiner. Some of the individuals that could be interviewed argon family members, employers, co-workers, friends, and neighbors. By interviewing deal in different facets of the subjects vivification the examiner flock get an composition of how the subjects behavior diverges in different environments. In turn this would give the examiner a wholistic view of Jasons psychological state. countenance a possible multi-axial diagnosis ( chemical groupd on all five (5) axes of the DSM-IV-TR) for this individual. In narrative form, describe your differential gear symptomat ic thought process used to reach your hypotheses. What additional information would you need for each of the possible diagnoses in order to confirm your diagnoses and traffic pattern out the others?Axis I of the DSM-IV-TR multiaxial surveyment lists clinical inconveniences and other conditions that whitethorn be a focus of clinical attention (American psychiatric Association, 2000). oneness clinical condition that can be considered is Intermittent volatile unhealthiness (Code Number 312.34) (American psychiatrical Association, 2000). This is an Impulse-Control Disorder that is characterized by discrete episodes of failure to stand fast scrappy impulses resulting in serious assaults or destruction of keeping (American psychiatrical Association, 2000). The DSM IV-TR states that individuals who suffer from Intermittent Explosive Disorder unremarkably exhibit signs of expression up discipline, sorrowful, regretful or embarrassed later on an aggressive incident (American Ps ychiatric Association, 2000). It has been describe that Jason has had problems controlling aggressive impulse in the knightly. The vignette notes that signs of remorse were seen after aggressive incidents in the past such as after Jason threatened his Aunt with a knife it was reported he was penitent about the incident. Also, after stabbing the victim, Jasons act of covering the body could be interpreted as a sign of remorse.Before Intermittent Explosive Disorder is officially diagnosis other clinical condition should be ruled out. One condition that can be considered is Jason ingestion of several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) different types of midpoints in a 24-48 hour time period. The vignette suggests that Jason whitethorn hasten had diazepam, acid, and alcohol in his system at the time of the annoyance. As suggested preliminaryly, a toxicology test will definitively indicate the substances present in Jasons body at the time of his offense. After it has been determ ined that Jasons behavior was not induce by a reaction to a substance a diagnosis of Intermittent Explosive Disorder can be more confidently suggested.The second axis of rotation on the DSM-IV-TR multiaxial estimation lists and describes individualality disorders and signs of mental retardant (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). The examiner can explore the hap of Jason exhibiting signs of Borderline temperament Disorder. The DSM-IV-TR describes Borderline record Disorder as a pattern of mental unsoundness in inter personal relationships, self-image, and affects and pronounced impulsivity. Jasons pargonnts assert he did not win stable peer friendships throughout his formative take years. In adulthood, Jason did have a young lady and the relationship was described as a stabilise influence however the relationship was short-lived. Once Jasons relationship with his girlfriend break up he reacted by ca employ havoc at his grandmothers cottage. It was noted that several cottages were destroyed and vandalized cottages. This outburst of uncontrolled emotion and aggression after a break-up is typical behavior of a person suffering from Borderline Personality Disorder. The DSM-IV-TR states that endurings with Borderline Personality Disorder experience intense abandonment fears and remote anger even when faced with realistic time- special(a) separation (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Although the diagnostic criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder gives an on bent-grass of early adulthood, Jason whitethorn have displayed traits of the disorder in his early teens after the death of his maternal grandfather. It is reported that Jason initiated his use of Marijuana and begin to steal from his p atomic number 18nt the same year his grandfather died. This behavior may have been indicative of his inability to consider separation from soul he had idealized which is a characteristic of someone suffering from Borderline Personality Disorder .However, the DSM-IV-TR does specify that young adults with identity problems and that may be involved in substance use could fleetingly display behaviors that energy falsely give the impression of Borderline Personality Disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Therefore, observation and more in depth research on Jason would be needed to definitively diagnosis Borderline Personality Disorder. An analysis of Jasons results from the MMPI-2 could give insight for a more conclusive diagnosis. Another thing to consider in diagnosing Jason with Borderline Personality Disorder is that approximately 75% of individuals diagnosed with the disorder argon women. Therefore, Jason beingness diagnosed with the disorder would place him as a nonage and the diagnosis under c arful consideration.The third axis on the multiaxial assessment details general medical conditions that could affect ones psychological functionality (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). It has not been reported that Jason suffers from any specific physical condition that could affect his psychological functionality. However, a thorough review of his medical record would be needed to definitively exclude any medical conditional that could have attributed to his behavior. Some of the argonas of medical concern would be head injuries and diseases that affect the nervous system. These types of medical conditions are simplely cognize to affect a persons psyche. It is know that some of our emotions are regulated through the frontal lobe of the brain. For exercise, individuals that have endured an injury to the frontal lobe may have anger management problems or trouble controlling their emotion.The tail axis focuses on psychosocial and environmental problems such as problems with primary gestate group, occupational problems, educational problems and economic problems (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Jason appears to have problems maintaining meaningful relationships. Jasons break-u p with his girlfriend could have been a contributing catalyst in his aggressive behavior. This break-up may have disrupted Jasons support system and caused him to have feelings of abandonment. It can be inferred that the abandonment could have caused him to have feelings of instability and lack of control. The examiner would need to discuss Jasons feeling regarding the break-up during assessment sessions in order to confidently report its association with the offense at hand. Another issue that can be explored is Jasons inability to maintain attendance while in formative school which continued into his inability to maintain attendance at a subscriber line in adulthood. This inconsistent attendance could be related to Jasons substance use which indirectly affects his ability to productively ope charge per unit in his social environment. The examiner would need to delve into Jasons substance use and feelings of his self-image to address this issue.The fifth axis quantifies a function ality level the use of the GAF scale ranges from 0-100 with 0 being short-staffed information and 100 being superior functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2000.) Jason shows signs that he could hurt others or herself. He is very coherent of his surroundings. However, Jason has difficulty computer storage details regarding the stabbing. The examinee appears to understand place, time and flow regularize events. On the other hand, Jason has difficulty being self-sufficient and maintaining a job which is partly callable to his substance use. Thus, Jason has a mid-level GAF with a range of 40-60.Legal Theory and practiseUsing information from the provided vignette, describe the footing, real presentation, and behavior of the client from a perspective which takes into consideration theories of offender and/or victim psychology and personality/psychopathology theories to support your position. (Do not simply restate the clients presentation from the vignette. Provide a the oretical- beginningd discussion of the client that will later help pull your suggested finenessment approach. For example, if you were going to recommend Gestalt treatment, you would provide a theoretical formulation from a Gestalt perspective in this section).A suitable way to explain the existence of maladaptive behavior such as over consummation of aggression as presented by Jason is through the Diathesis-Stress Model. The word diathesis means, in radical terms, a physical condition that fashions a person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases (Merriam-Websters online dictionary, n.d.). Thus, the Diathesis-Stress Model says that each person inherits certain physical weaknesses to problems that may or may not surface contingent on what stresses occur in his or her life (Eberhart, Auerbach, Bigda-Peyton, Abela, 2011). Thus, the diathesis-stress model would say a person may have a neurotransmitter conk out but the symptoms of this malfunction will not surface unles s some life stressor is presented. A life inflicted stressor could be abuse, neglect or simply disappointment.an informative diathesis-stress analysis when suspects who appear to be functioning fairly well at present are claiming temporary insanity at the time of an alleged offense. Current indications of characterologically limited resources for coping with stress, combined with obviously stressful constituent or surroundings at the time of an offense, increase the resemblinglihood that a defendant big businessman have experienced a transient episode of cognitive foolishness or behavioral dyscontrol. Conversely, the better the coping resources shown by a defendants current test responses, and the less stress the defendant appeared to be experiencing prior to and during the focusing of an alleged offense, the less likely the person would have been at that previous time to suffer a psychological breakdown accompanied by loss of cognitive or volitional capacities. (Goldstein 132 )Describe the psycho-legal standardizeds and/or definitions for each of the following competence to stand ravel, guess of dangerousness, and insanity. Identify and describe one or more landmark subject area(s) for each standard (at least triple preemptments total). Describe the elements or issues that a mental health professional usually focuses on when assessing a persons adjudicative competence, risk and insanity, and any additional items that magnate be especially important to focus on in the provided vignette.A person is competent to stand trial if there is an dread of the trial process, the ability to assist counsel for defense, and the ability to guard important decisions to waive constitutional rights (Poythress, 2006). The standards of competence were created during the landmark causal agent, Dusky v. United States, 362 U.S. 402 (1960) (Bartol Bartol, 2008). During this case it was reason that the defendant has to have sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of acute understanding and a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him in order to stand (Bartol Bartol, 2008).However, since competency can change, if Jason shows signs of incompetency he can be medicated to restore competency even if he does not wishing to take the medication. This forced medication for competency was established in the hook case United States v. Sell (2003),which held that if certain requirements are met, those defendants adjudicated as amateur to stand trial might be medicated contrary to their will for the unsocial resolution of instituting or restoring trial competency (Goldstein, 2006). It should be noted that the case Jackson v. Indiana (1972) established the limitations on the duration of loadings for competency restoration. This address feeling stated that, due process requires that the nature and duration of commitment bear some reasonable relation to the purpose for which the in dividual is move. In other words, incompetent defendants cannot be held indefinitely if there is no likelihood that the defendant will be restored and criminal proceedings resumed. They can, however, be committed to mental institutions under the civil law (Bartol 161-162).The establishment of criminal righteousness is contingent on the sanity of a person at the time of their alleged offense (Goldstein, 2006). Being sane at the time of an offense can be delineated as being able to recognise the criminality of ones illegal actions and understand the violatefulness of the behavior (Goldstein, 2006). A rhetorical psychologist could examine Jason using psychological instruments that support the right/ damage test for sanity or the Irresistible Impulse test for sanity. The right/wrong test also known as the MNaghten Rule, gives emphasis to the cognitive elements of gentlemans gentleman beings (Bartol Bartol, 2008). First the person must be aware and know what he or she was doing a t the time of the illegal act (Bartol Bartol, 2008). Second the person must know or understand right from wrong in the moral sense (Bartol Bartol, 2008). The right/wrong test has no degrees of incapacity therefore a person is either right or wrong, with no gray area.On the other hand, the Irresistible Impulse test considers that a person may be aware of the wrongfulness of their conduct, be aware of what is right or wrong in a situation set of circumstances, but still be incapable to do right in the face of overpowering forces from irrepressible impulses ( Bartol Bartol, 2008). In other words, certain circumstances cause the person to uncontrollably commit a crime, almost like a wild beast ( Bartol Bartol, 2008).The court system has established that if a person was not in control of his or her mental processes at the time of the offense, whence there are grounds for absolving that person of some or all responsibility for the offense (Bartol Bartol, 2008). However, each jurisd iction differs in the extent they accept both these criteria. (Bartol Bartol, 2008). For example the Official Code of gallium (O.C.G.A.) 16-3-2 states, A person shall not be found guilty of a crime if, at the time of the act, omission, or negligence constituting the crime, the person did not have mental capacity to distinguish between right and wrong in relation to such act, omission, or negligence. Also, the O.C.G.A. 16-3-3 states, A person shall not be found guilty of a crime when, at the time of the act, omission, or negligence constituting the crime, the person, because of mental disease, injury, or congenital deficiency, acted as he did because of a delusional compulsion as to such act which overmastered his will to resist committing the crime. These two statutes institute a standard for mitigating circumstances in criminal responsibility and thus ground work for the insanity plea. If it can be established that Jason was in fact suffering from some form of a delusional compu lsion then it can be argued that there are mitigating circumstances to his criminal responsibility as established by O.C.G.A. 16-3-3.Bartol and Bartol define risk assessment as the initiative in which clinicians spin probabilities that a given individual will engage in groundless or otherwise antisocial behavior based on known factors relating to the individual. (Bartol- criminal behavior ,649). In 1976, the atomic number 20 Supreme Court created what numerous thought to be the national standard for mental health professionals when a client presents a threat to an identified person. In Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1976), the highest California state court ruled that the psychotherapist of a feasibly uncultivated patient had a duty to protect any person identified as a potential victim ( ). The California Supreme Court ruling brought forth the idea that societys necessity for protection overshadowed a clients right to confidentiality ( ).The Tarasoff case answered the question of what responsibility therapists had to third parties in cautioning them of potential injurious behavior from their clients. However, over the years many states have rejected the ruling in the Tarasoff case. Despite the questionable statutory duty to warn, many practitioners have coordinated the standard set by Tarasoff as a standard of practice. (Bartol- criminal behavior 269) The APA Code of Ethics section 4.05 (2002) gives reference to this idea of a duty to warn by indicating that psychologist may disclose confidential information without the consent of the individual to protect the client/patient, psychologist or others from harm.Research and military rankDescribe tests or assessment procedures you would employ to address these forensic issues (competence to stand trial, risk of dangerousness, and insanity) (you may refer to these from the Psychological Theory and Assessment ingredient A. if you already covered them there), and discuss what your anti cipated conclusions would be based upon information provided in the vignette.The examiner can use a collar prong evaluation to determine if the examinee is competent to stand trial. The startle prong evaluates if the person is able to understand the roles of the various officers of the court. The second prong evaluates if the person can understand that he or he is charged with a crime and could possibly go to prison or be put on probation. The last prong evaluates if the defendant can rationally and effectively assist his or her attorney to uphold in defense.Numerous assessment instruments have been unquestionable in an guarantee to quantify and measure trial competency. One motherfucker that has become popular is the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Criminal Adjudication (MacCAT-CA) (Steinberg, 2003). This is a forensic assessment instrument created to assess the collar abilities thought to be described in the Dusky standard for competency which are understanding, appre ciation, and reasoning (Steinberg, 2003). The MaCAT-CA is stand ford of 22 items that break down into three subscales to delineate the three abilities before mentioned (Jacobs, Ryba Zapf, 2008).At this time, Jason appears to be competent to stand trial based on the fact he is literate, is able to give written consent for the evaluation, and is able to rationalize that something adversely could happen depending on the courts perception of him. To officially establish competency in Jason the three prong examination as described previously would have to be administered.Risk assessments have two components the raw numbers from an actuarial tool and values (Szmukler, 2003). poesy refer to the probability that a confrontational occurrence will transpirate in a certain period of time (Szmukler, 2003). The methods in figure these numbers are mathematical and statistical (Szmukler, 2003). Basically numbers are just the results from a risk assessment instrument. A recently developed risk assessment instrument is the Historical/Clinical/Risk forethought (HCR-20) scale developed by Christopher Webster and his colleagues (Webster, Douglas, Eaves, Hart, 1997). The HCR bases its annunciateive power on three major areas past or diachronic factors, clinical or current factors, and risk management factors. The HCR contains 10 historical items, 5 clinical items, and 5 risk management items, for a total of 20 items. The historical items implicate previous violence, which, as we have learned, is one of the strongest predictors of future violence. Another historical or H item is young age at first violent incident (Webster et al., 1997, p. 267). In other words, a persons young age at the time of the first violent incident can predict a violent pattern will persist into the future. Early maladjustment at home, at school, or in the community is another predictive H item. Other H items in the HCR-20 are relationship instability, employment problems, substance use problems, an d major mental unhealthiness (particularly psychotic or mood disorders). Clinical or C items include lack of insight, negative attitudes (antisocial, hostile, angry), and lively symptoms of major mental indisposition (Webster et al., 1997, p. 263). Active symptoms of serious mental illness that include delusional systems characterized by sadistic fantasies and homicidal and suicidal ideation are especially related to violence prediction. Risk management or R variables are related to the future circumstances of the individuals they are evaluating-that is, whether the person being evaluated is likely to have adequate housing, meals, daily activities, and finances. Research suggests that individuals without these basics are at higher risk for violence than those who have these needs managed and interpreted care of. Examples of R items are lack of personal support, noncompliance with damages attempts, feasibility of future plans, and stress. The researchers of the HCR-20 find that t he historical (H) items are the strongest for predicting future violent behavior (Webster et al., 1997), and C items are second strongest (Borum, 1996). The HCR-20 is still relatively youthful and will need ongoing research before it receives widespread betrothal as a valid risk-assessment instrument. (Bartol criminal behavior 275)Values exhibit the methods of connecting a value to the risk and deciding what should be done about the potential risk (Szmukler, 2003). Thus, values can be seen as the rate at which violent acts occur in the population of interest. This value is evidential to the predictive abilities of any risk assessment instrument. This value is sometimes known as the base rate.Using only the information from a risk assessment tool without considering the environmental factors or population can make an assessment skewed. The base rate takes into consideration the population of which the assessed individual is apart. If the rate of violence in the population is low it should naturally trim down the possibility of at risk behavior. A simple explanation for this logic is that the individuals of this low violent rate population may not have ideologies that comprise of violent behavior. This lack of cognitive thoughts of violence and lack of examples of violent acts lower the individuals potential to act violently.Therefore, it is possible that a risk assessment tool that is standardized based on a larger more various population can render results that show high risks for violence for an individual in a smaller less diverse population. An overall view of both the raw numbers from the assessment and a consideration of the populations base rate would give a better result in conniving risk assessments. Thus, the risk assessment tool gives a hypothesis or educated prediction for a potential risk and should be completed. The base rate gives direction and depth to the hypothesis. Thus, both components are needed and valuable to the assessment.Develop one a posteriorily supported therapeutic treatment plan for the client in the vignette. Please make sure you identify the shout out of the theory your treatment plan is based on and summarize the verifiable evidence with appropriate citations to support your treatment choice in working with this client. Be sure to discuss the effectiveness and limitations in working with this particular client (including effectiveness/limitations in working with this particular clients background using the above theories and treatment plans)A treatment plan following a Cognitive behavioral therapy model could be used to help Jason with his cycles of aggressive behavior. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a therapeutic modality that combines various aspects of several different therapeutic approaches including behavioral, cognitive, rational, emotive, and others. The hallmark of CBT is the assumption that distress is a result of improper or faulty cognitive framing that provides the foundatio n for unsuccessful thoughts that lead to maladaptive behaviors. Over the last couple of decades CBT has been the focus of extensive research aimed at validating its theoretical foundation and therapeutic techniques. more than of the research reports favorable outcomes within a variety of settings as CBT is practically considered among the most diverse therapeutic modalities available to practitioners. (Hanser 116)Most research concludes that it has been more or less successful or shows considerable promise in reducing recidivism in violent offenders and serious repetitive offenders (Gacono et al., 2001). However, one of the major shortcomings of the current research is the overreliance on self-report measures to determine treatment gain (Serin Preston, 2001). Although self-report information is important because it may reflect an offenders self-perception, it is also fraught with many serious problems, especially when administered under duress within a correctional environment. (Bartol 623). Cognitive behavior therapies (CBT) blaspheme on changing individual behavioral patterns by changing the persons thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes. CBT emerged during the past 30 years as a result of dissatisfaction with the theoretical and empirical bases of strictly behavior therapy approach. CBT has become the preferred treatment approach for transaction with certain groups of offenders, including sex offenders, violent offenders, and a variety of persistent property offenders. Bonta and Cormier (1999) right in full note that, The research on the cognitive-behavioural treatment of offenders has led to wide acceptance of this approach as the preferred method for treating offenders. (Bartol 621-622)Interpersonal strong suitWhat factors or cultural considerations would you take into account in rendering diagnoses, case conceptualization, and treatment planning? What other cultural factors may be large for this client?In a psychological examination for diagnosis and t reat culture can have an stir on the exhibition of psychological disorders and the examiners interpretation of the behavior being exhibited. Also, information being gathered from an assessment for diagnoses can be misconstrued if the examiner does not have a good understanding of the cultural social practices of the person being examined. The examiner should pose as much cultural information on the client as possible before a diagnosis or treatment plan is created. The cultural Also, if the clients cultural background is tremendously outside the realm of the examiners understanding it may be wise to consult with an expert to help subvert the cultural impediment.Some of the issues that affect diagnosis in regards to culture differences are the clinician attitudes, beliefs, and biases. No one is exempt from having bias beliefs, thus an examiner should fully inspect his or her biases before being involved in a psychological assessment. The bias could skew the examiners report and ma ke the assessment invalid. For example if a clinician is diagnosing an individual from a different cultural background and does not have an clear understanding of the customs of that culture then the clinician may interpret some behavior as being adverse. However, the person may just be following the customs of their culture. Thus, multicultural competence is of major importance in case conceptualization.Another cultural impact on diagnosing and creating treatment plans is language barriers. Since language is the primary source of communication the examiner and the client must be able to properly communicate in order to obtain information for the assessment. Language barriers are not just limited to different languages sometimes the examiner and examinee may have different understandings of words or phrases. Of greatest concern to assessment is the notion of conceptual equivalence or whether the underlying prepare (construct definition an image, idea, or theory, especially a comple x one make from a number of simpler elements. ) holds the same meaning across groups. A ordinary example of difficulty is when one group defines (i.e.specific behaviors as mental illness or psychopathology while another group views the same behaviors as normative) and not associated with a cluster of diagnostic symptoms.The APA(American Psychological Association) created a set of guidelines known as the Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists to move towards more multicultural competence individuals. These guidelines aid in recognizing b

Richard Ramirez And The Night Stalker

Richard Ramirez And The darkness stoolpigeonIn June of 1984, Richard Ramirez began his criminal travel as The Night Stalker. His reign of terror, though ending just the next yr, tormented the people of Los Angeles. Ramirez is a self-proclaimed Satanist and thief, exactly steal cars and severance into homes were non even close to the worst of his villainys. Ramirezs friendship with his cousin, Mike, may buzz off been the most important relationship in his life, in that not notwithstanding did he teach Richard that having fun consists of riding around, smoking marijuana, and listing to heavy-metal music, b atomic number 18ly likewise that drugs, military unit, and sex altogether go together.Richard Ramirez was born in El Paso, Texas on February 29, 1960 (Richard Ramirez The Night Stalker, n.d.). His father, Julian Ramirez, was a Mexican immigrant who worked for Santa Fe Railroad. His mother, Mercedes Ramirez, worked at a Tony Lama boot factory mixing chemicals for the boot slash (Richard Ramirez The Night Stalker, n.d.). Fortunecity.com states, Life was not easy in the Ramirez family, but they wholly worked hard to make ends meet. Julian and Mercedes loved their children and provided for them to the best of their ability. The boys, who rebellious natured and quick-tempered like their father, could have benefited from more(prenominal) supervision, but Julian had to travel to deposit track for the railroad and was away(p) from home frequently, (Richard Ramirez The Night Stalker, n.d., p. 2). Richard and his four brothers and sisters in exclusively experienced medical problems when they were young. Some of the difficulties are believed to be a issuing of the nuclear bomb tests the U.S. Government was conducting in New Mexico in the 1950s. The radioactive dust from these bombs was carried by wind over into El Paso, Texas (Grise, 2000, p. 1 2). Also, the fumes Mercedes inhaled bandage working at the boot factory may have contributed to Ric hards health problems. He was diagnosed with epilepsy in the fifth grade. Sometimes he would have chiliad mal seizures and other times he would just stare off into office as he experienced petite mal seizures, (Richard Ramirez The Night Stalker, n.d.).Although Richard had four quondam(a) siblings, he spent most of his time with his cousin, Michael. Mike was a Vietnam old geezer and returned from war with not single tales of rape and move out, but also flesh verboten polaroids as proof (Richard Ramirez The Night Stalker, n.d.). Richard admits that he was especially sexually mad by the photographs of the rape/murder victim that Michael showed him, (Grise, 2000, p.2). This highly undefeated grampus and sadist took Richard under his wing and taught him how to kill and fight, (Richard Ramirez The Night Stalker, n.d. p.2). Richard and Mike spent a great deal of time together, riding around, smoking pot, and talking more or less the war. In an interview Phillip Carlo conducted with Ramirez after he had been incarcerated almost nine years, Ramirez talked to the highest degree the time he spent with his cousin. He said Mike had a shoebox filled with polaroids in his closet of women and girls he had raped and killed in the jungle. He told Carlo that Mike had torn off their clothes and tied them to a tree. He raped them in front of each other and then killed them. He had pictures of them with their heads cut off. When Carlo asked if Mike had told him all of this, Richard replied, Yeah, told me all closely it exactly what he did. We used to go for joy rides all around El Paso, throne pot, listen to the radio, and he would tell me what he did with the women, (Carlo, n.d., p. 9). Ramirez goes on to say that these show-and-tell sessions intemperately influenced him and that he thought about it a lot. When asked if it influenced him sexually, he responded, Fuck yeah, of course, sexually. It was all about sex, (Carlo, n.d., p. 9). In this same interview, he al so says Mike taught him about how to use a knife and how to cut peoples throats. He taught him how to wear all black and avoid reflecting light when breaking into peoples houses. Eventually, Mikes wife got tired of her economize only wanting to spend time with Richard and glorify his sexual conquests and murders in Vietnam. This caused fights. One day, in the midst of one of these fights, Mike shot his wife, Jessie, in the face and killed her. Mikes two boys, ages ternion and six, and Richard were only a few feet away and witnessed it all. Richard admitted this had a strange effect on him. He told Carlo, I mean, to enchant something like that the line between life and death right thither in front of me. Intense. When she went down I saw it all in slow motion, (Carlo, n.d., p. 8).When Richard turned 18, he went to Los Angeles to stay with his brother, Ruben. Ruben was addicted to heroin and also a burglar. Fortunecity.com reports, There was only one objective now stealing money to get high, (Richard Ramirez The Night Stalker, n.d., p. 2). Richard became addicted to cocaine and started stealing cars also. He would drive around in the stolen cars looking for homes to rob. When Phillip Carlo asked Ramirez about his thoughts concerning cocaine, Richard said, I bring forward cocaine is addictive and harmful to the body Sure, its harmful, but the sense of fun it gives is very profound There is nothing to me bothway, that comes near it, (Carlo, n.d., p. 5). Along with this cocaine addiction and his pride in becoming such a successful burglar, now came the demonism. Being raised a Christian Ramirez knew his thoughts and actions did not enliven God. He believed Satan would be proud of his sadistic sexual desires. When his ripened sister came to visit him in Los Angeles, she asked why he had chosen to pietism Satan. Ramirez responded, Because Satan represents what I feel. Im not like other people. Im different Ive got a trade. Im a thief, Ruthie, and a good o ne Im not going to any jail Im protected, (Richard Ramirez, The Night Stalker, n.d., p. 4).On June 28, 1984, his burglaries turned into something far more evil, (Montaldo, n.d., p. 1). afterward breaking in the home of 79 year old Jennie Vincow and purpose nothing valuable to steal, Ramirez became enraged. He needed money to steal more cocaine and a prostitute. He took his anger out on the quiescence woman by stabbing her repeatedly and cutting her throat. After this murder, Ramirez did not strike again for eight months. In February of 1985 he abducted two girls in separate incidents, (Richard Ramirez Night Stalker, n.d., p. 1). He raped both of these girls then dumped them out. On March 17, 1985, Ramirez jumped 22-year-old Angela Barrio outside her condo. He shot her, kicked her out of the way, and headed into her condo. Inside, was roommate, Dayle Okazaki, age 34, who Ramirez instantly shot and killed. Barrio remained alive out of pure luck. The bullet had ricocheted off the keys she held in her hands, as she lifted them to protect herself, (Montaldo, n.d., p. 1). According to allserialkillers.com Not long after, he pulled Tsai-Lian Yu from her car and shot her several times. She was still alive when the police got to her but died later. A few days later, he abducted and raped an eight year old girl. Then on March 27, 1985, Ramirez murdered Vincent and Maxine Zazzara. He not only shot both of them, but also stabbed Maxine and carved out her eyes. On April 14, Ramirez broke into the Doi house, shooting and killing William Doi and drubbing his wife Lillie. Richards crime spree continued. In May, he beat 84-year-old Mabel price and 81-year-old Florence Lang and scratched satanic symbols over them. They were not found until two days later, and ships bell later died. He cut Patty Higgins throat in June and, only two miles away, did the same thing to Mary Cannon in July. or so a week later, Ramirez beat a 61-year-old to death in her home. On July 20, Rami rez killed Chainaroung Khovanath. Next, he beat and raped his wife. Not content with that he took their eight-year-old news into the next room with a bottle of baby oil. Mrs. Khovanath was forced to listen as Ramirez raped him, then he stole about $30,000 in cash and jewelry, (Richard Ramirez Night Stalker, n.d., p. 1). Max and Leta Kneiding were shot and killed in their home. In August, he attacked Christopher and Virginia Peterson, but did not kill them. A few days later, he killed Elyas Abowath and savagely beat his wife, Sakina. On August 17, Richard committed his only murder outside of Los Angeles. He shot and killed Peter Pan in San Francisco and although trounce and shot, Peters wife, Barbara, survived her attack. Her description of the attacker matched the description of other survivors. The murderer was named The Night Stalker by the media. A week later, Ramirez shot William Carns in the head three times and raped his fiance, Inez Erickson. In the end, Ramirezs fingerpri nt was taken off an toss away stolen car identified by Inez Erickson, and his picture was on the front scalawag of the paper. He was spotted by a customer in a local liquor store, and chased and beaten by local thugs (Richard Ramirez Night Stalker, n.d., p. 1) Richard was arrested for 13 murders, five attempted murders, six rapes, three lewd acts on children, two kidnappings, three acts of forced oral copulation, four counts of sodomy, five robberies, and 14 burglaries. At his trial, Richard inscribed a pentagon on his left palm and showed it to photographers. He also made devils horns with his fingers (Schechter and Everitt, 1996, p. 249). He was convicted on 46 of these counts at 220 p.m. on September 20th, 1989, in a Los Angeles county courtroom in California. He was subsequently given a death sentence on October 3rd of that same year, (Grise, n.d., p. 1). He is now on death course of instruction at San Quentin State Penitentiary, where he has even gotten marriedAccording to Schmalleger (2009), affectionate learning possibleness says that all behaviour is intentional in much the same way and that crime, like other forms of behaviour is also learned, (p. 300). Richard learned a lot from his cousin, Mike. According to this theory, Richard learned from an early age that sex, drugs, and rage go together and create intense pleasure. Differential identification theory is an extension of social learning theory and is defined as, An explanation for crime and deviance that holds that people pursue criminal behaviour to the extent that they station themselves with real or imaginary people from whose perspective their criminal or deviant behaviour seems acceptable, (Schmalleger, 2009, p.302). Daniel Glaser said that through this process, people develop a personal identification with criminals. Richard Ramirez definitely developed a relationship with his cousin, Mike. He taught Richard how to perfect his burglaries, and Richards killings emulated the photogra phs shown to him by Mike of his rapes and murders in Vietnam. He learned a great deal from Mike and then later turned to Satanism as a result of his evil thoughts and desires. Richards crimes began as instrumental crimes in that they were goal-oriented. He broke into homes to steal because he needed money to buy hotel rooms, drugs, and prostitutes. He then began raping and murdering with no other motive than he obviously enjoyed these acts.What caused Richard Ramirez, a.k.a. The Night Stalker, to torture, rape, and murder men, women, girls, and boys in 1984 and 1985? I think it is a compounding of learned aggression from his father, drug addiction, the positive associations his cousin taught him between violence and sex, and his personal thoughts about Satan. Whether or not his actions were influenced by any biological forces, we go away never know. But, the impact his cousin had on his criminal race cannot b denied. Would Ramirez still have committed all those crimes had Mike n ot invested so much time in boasting of his sexual conquests and killings to Richard? We will also never know. What we do know is The Night Stalkers crimes cannot be forgotten, and if his appeals are denied, Richard Ramirez will be put to death. Then he just superpower get his wish To obtain the most honorable place at Satans table.