History of the world via its technologies up to 1492 Essay

History of the world via its technologies up to 1492 - Essay Example Amongst the most technologically advanced civilizations in the recorded history is the Ice Age Civilization. â€Å"The Jomon people †¦ survive as the Ainu of Hokkaido and northern Honshu, the northeasternmost Japanese islands. They were displaced by Yayoi invaders from Korea around 400 BC† (Smith, n.d.). Containers from the Jomon pottery happen to be the oldest known containers. They are thought to have existed 11600 years ago and thus, belong to the era before the culmination of Ice Age. Turkish were the oldest in Africa, Asia and Europe dating back to almost 10500 years. Making use of the water-tight Jomon containers, people found it easy to boil their food to get rid of germs and steam it. This made it possible for the Jomon Ice Age Civilization to enrich and diversify their diet with more nutritious and hygienic food including shellfish and steamed vegetables with large green leaves. They were aware of the positive effects of boiling the food on its hygiene and thus, people of the Jomon Ice Age Civilization boiled such foods like acorns to decrease their toxicity. Boiling the food also made it soft enough to be fed to toothless infants and old people. Hunting and gathering allowed the people of the Jomon Ice Age Civilization to dwell within and on the outskirts of their own villages without having to cultivate the crops. They did not have metallic tools for weaving or writing and the political fabric of their culture was very weak, yet it made little difference to them as they lived a very happy and fulfilling life without these things in their life. From the images and pieces of art belonging to the period of Ice Age, it can be inferred that the Ice Age Civilization might have been much more advanced in the sociological values as compared to all civilizations that have succeeded them until the present age. This can be estimated from the fact that the present civilization has just started to perceive the way quantum computers function, the reali ty levels linked with the Many-Worlds quantum theory. Owing to the unmatched spiritual and social advancement of the Ice Age Civilization, the construction of the Sphinx-Giza complex can be attributed to them specially because the homeland of African Abyssinian Highlanders is the only region which is thought to have sustained favorable climates between the 35000 years old Ice Age and the period 12000 years before today. Location of the Sphinx-Giza complex is the place where the African and Asian regions of the Ice Age Civilization meet each other. Modern age is characterized by the use of computers. Thus, computers, in different forms in the past serve as the common technological element between past and present. One of the very ancient astronomical computers in the astrolabe, that was used for solving intricate problems about the location of starts and Sun and determination of time. The most popular astrolabe produced in the history was the planispheric astrolabe which was used for projecting the celestial sphere upon the equator’s plane. Old astrolabes were made from brass. Little is known about the time when the stereographic projection transformed into what is called as astrolabe today. The treatise written by Theon of Alexandria in 390 is generally taken as a historic account of the subject in Middle Ages. Astrolabe was the computer of ancient times. The concept was

Small-Business Opportunities with the Navy Assignment

Small-Business Opportunities with the Navy - Assignment Example By statute, the Navy is required to implement some basic small business programs. The government provides opportunities in acquisitions to small businesses including the chance to participate in subcontracts and prime contracts. The following are the steps for acquiring the contract The Company will aim to be satisfied as a small business. It is primarily because the government retains a certain percentage of its contracts for small business holders and vendors (Contractor reference guide, 2014). Our company will identify a need that is yet to be in the Navy. Through our observation, there is a niche in the floor refinishing sector. It is especially because our product is, and therefore we are the only ones who can provide this service (Contractor reference guide, 2014). The Company then sends procurement letter to the Navy small business specialist who will advise us on the contract acquisition process. We will also market our product to the small business advisor so as he or she can consider us in the contracting process. The company will lay out the services it offers and then offer a price for which it is willing to work. Smart pay is such a website and serves to as a link between over 350 federal agencies. All this agencies will locate vendors and business through this online service (Contractor reference guide, 2014). Electronic contracting services offer a platform on which vendors can acquire contracts. They are also necessary for business such as the Navy since advertisement of their contracts may be done on these online platforms. Smart pay services offer charge cards to agencies throughout the United States government through master contracts with major national banks such as JP Morgan and Citibank. The charge cards are for contracting services where businesses and vendors are paid through the relevant banks. The advantage of smart pay is that

Properties of Gases Essay Example for Free

Properties of Gases Essay Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to examine different properties of gases in order to be able to identify them in a laboratory setting. I will be using Hydrochloric acid, mossy zinc, Bromothymol blue, limewater, Manganese, and Alka Seltzer, to test different properties of gases formed by chemical reactions. In order to extract the gas I will use several household products such as vinegar, baking soda, water, and hydrogen peroxide in order to create the gases to be tested. Materials: Student Provided 1 Match 1 Toothpicks (or wooden splints) 1 Pie tin or similar 1 Marker pen 1 Household white vinegar 1 3% Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 1 Measuring spoons 1 Drinking straw 1 Tissue paper 1 Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) From LabPaq 1 Goggles-Safety 1 Test Tube (5), 13 x 100 mm in Bubble Bag 1 Well-Plate-24 Auxiliary Supplies Bag Auxiliary Supplies Bag- CK1 1 Gas Assembly; copper/plastic tubing in #00 Stopper 1 Pipet, Empty Short Stem 1 Rubber stopper, #00, 1 hole, Pipet tip w/plastic Gas delivery tube Experiment Bag Properties of Gases 2 Alka Seltzer ® (1/4 tablet) in Bag 2 x 3 1 Bromothymol Blue, 0. 04% 4 mL in Pipet 1 Hydrochloric Acid, 2 M 20 mL in Dropper Bottle 1 Limewater (Calcium Hydroxide, Saturated) 6 mL in Pipet 1 Manganese Metal Pieces 4-6 Pieces in Bag 2 x 3 3 Pipet Bulbs, Wide-Neck with 1/4 Stem 1 Zinc, Mossy 4-6 Pieces in Bag 2 x 3 Procedure: 1) Hydrogen a) I placed a small amount of ZN( mossy zinc) in the test tube containing HCL b) I then capped the test tube with the small cap that allowed gas release from the top and placed it in one of the 24 well plates. I wedged the test tune in with a bit of toilet paper. c) I then filled the large stem pipet with water and placed it atop the rubber stopper. d) I placed the well plate in a pie tin to prevent the overflow from getting everywhere. e) After the water was replaced entirely with hydrogen I removed the wide mouthed pipet and placed my finger over the opening to prevent any gas from escaping. f) I lit a match and while holding the pipet about 1cm away from the flame blew the gas onto the flame, and recorded my observations in the table. g) With a marker I marked the wide-neck pipet on the outside into three parts h) I filled the bulb with water and set it on the test tube as before. i) Once the bulb was 2/3 full of gas I removed it and placed it aside, still inverted, for later use j) I then disassembled and rinsed the tools and threw away the ZN. 2) Oxygen A) I placed a few pieces of Mn (Manganese) into the second test tube. B) I filled the test tube to within 1cm of the top with hydrogen peroxide. Afterwards I placed the rubber stopper on the test tube and the test tube in the well plate. . C) I then filled another wide-neck pipet completely with  water and placed it on the top of the stopper in the test tube. D) After the water was displaced I removed the pipet and placed my finger over the opening to prevent any gas from leaking. E) I lit a match and extinguished it. While the match was still glowing I placed it inside the pipet and recorded the reaction. 3) Hydrogen and Oxygen Mixture A) I took the pipet from part 1 that is partially filled with hydrogen and placed it on the generation test tube from part 2. B) I let the bulb fill until the water was completely displaced. The mixture was about 2/3 hydrogen and 1/3 oxygen C) I removed the bulb and placed my finger over the open end to prevent any gas from escaping D) I lit a match, held the pipet horizontally about 1cm away from the flame and squeezed the gas onto the flame. E) I recorded my observations in the table. F) I disassembled the test tube washed the contents down the drain and rinsed the tools. 4) Carbon Dioxide A) Part I a) I placed approximately .5 ml of limewater in one well of the 24 well plate. b) I placed  ½ a teaspoon of baking soda in the generation test tube. c) I filled a pipet halfway with vinegar and added it to the baking soda. Immediately after the two stopped reacting I placed the rubber stopper with the copper and plastic gas delivery tube on the top of the test tube. d) I placed the open end of the tube into the well with limewater and recorded the reaction. B) Part II a) I placed approximately .5ml of Bromothymol blue in one of the wells. b) I thoroughly rinsed the gas generation test tube with water and set up another test with baking soda and vinegar as in part 1. c) After putting the stopper in place I inserted the open tube into the Bromothymol blue. d) I removed the stopper from the generation tube. e) I lit a match and inserted the flame into the upper part of the test tube. f) I recorded my observations. C) Part III a) I poured the chemicals down the sink and flushed with water. b) I put approximately .5 ml of limewater into another well. c) I crumbled the small piece of Alka Seltzer into a test tube d) I added one pipet full of water to the test tube and immediately inserted the stopper with the gas delivery tube. e) I placed the open end of the tube into the limewater well. f) I washed the test tube and well thoroughly with water. D) Part IV a) I put approximately .5 ml of limewater into a test tube. b) I inserted a straw and blew for a few seconds. c) I recorded my observations d) I washed the tools and flushed the limewater down the sink. Results: Gas Flame reaction Glowing splint Limewater reaction Bromothymol blue reaction Hydrogen Loud sound, flame went out n/a n/a n/a oxygen n/a Light up quickly dissipated and glowed for around 10 seconds n/a n/a Hydrogen oxygen Popping sound and flame went out n/a n/a n/a Carbon Dioxide n/a n/a Changed the color of the limewater from clear to nearly milky, bubbled rapidly. Bubbled rapidly, changed colors slightly to green Alka Seltzer n/a n/a Lots of pressure in the test tube, color change in limewater from clear to nearly milky, rapid small bubbles Breath n/a n/a Very large bubbles, color change from clear to nearly milky. n/a A) Give two reasons why we fill gas generator test tubes almost to the top with chemicals. First we do this because maximizing the pressure in the tube will maximize gasses. Secondly because this causes there to be a shorter distance for the gases to traveled B) What happens to the zinc in the hydrogen generation experiment? The mossy zinc causes a reaction with the HCL to form hydrogen gas. C) What happens in the oxygen generation experiment? The manganese reacts with the hydrogen peroxide to form oxygen. D) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between O2 and H2. 2H2 +O22H2O E) What is the function/purpose of the Bromothymol blue in the CO2 experiment? The Bromothymol blue in the CO2 experiment is used to indicate how much CO2 is in the solution. It indicates this with a color change. F) Bromothymol blue is blue in the presence of basic solutions and yellow in the presence of acidic solutions. If your solution is a murky green, what  might you assume about the solution I would assume the solution was neutral. Conclusion: In conclusion, I learned that properties of gases vary vastly in their reactions with flame, and other substances. I also learned how to create such gases in a controlled environment for future experimentation. The effect of these reactions put into perspective how dangerous gases can be and how their proper storage and transportation is a vital essential in our daily lives. Seeing the different reactions will make me more cautious of the way I materials.

Change Management Of Starbucks

Change Management Of Starbucks The current international situation for Starbucks seems to be part of their business and the reorganization of an emerging proved by become so his goal of becoming a world leader in a difference in peoples lives makes the whole world. This is achieved very close to as evidenced by Starbucks in international current markets and the success of these companies. However, net revenue roce 3 percent to $ 2.5 billion for the quarter the fourth 2011 compared to $ 2.4 billion in the fourth quarter 2007th quarter of Close 28 13-week period September 2011 reports, Starbucks recorded a net profit of $ 5.4 million to $ 105.1million in restructuring charges and other processing costs of the strategy included. Net income was $ 158.5 million for the same period a year Mr. Go re blast actions announced in July 2011, to close at approximately600 stores in the U.S. and 61 operated stores companies in Australia, and reduce by about 1000 and opened in filled positions leadership structure and non-store o rganization The Porter Five Forces Analysis and SWOT matrix (see appendix) shows that besides the basic strategies of Starbucks, the external environment and internal characteristics of the organization Starbucks offer a favorable condition for growth to be used. The only significant threat of competition from the entry of new competitors. Porter has already recognized that the rivalry is intense in a particular area, at least reduce the rate of profit for the company or industry players (1998). Therefore, Starbucks profits dropped last year because of the increasing intensity of competition in the industry. Outside the competition has exacerbated the economic crisis, the situation so that customers spend less and reduce the number of times they visit a Starbucks that store sales decline in Starbucks stores. However, because of its long experience and reputation of the brand, Starbucks is still the dominant player in the specialty coffee sector. This allows the company to use that position to ta ke advantage of himself and the pressure on its competitors. But the question is, and Why now is the lack of Starbucks? Despite its remains the dominant player in this sector, what happened to his companys strategy? These questions have been answered already made in the analysis of the value chain in the past. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate strategies to implement a shift in business model and business processes. Recommended strategies and actions After determining the causes of the current decline of Starbucks, it is necessary to formulate a plan to address these problems. change can not, without specifying the actions undertaken to achieve. As important issues have already been identified, strategies to mitigate these problems to make. Proctor (2000) states.Thus, based on the above assessments, is the following recommendations. Formulate marketing marketing is an important factor in any society. As noted above, the Company not yet established a marketing plan to attract a gap in the supply chain (see Appendix ), which resulted in a significant deterioration in the company history, brand image / reputation. The company must have a direction in the field of marketing to improve their image and reputation. Marketing is not only super positions of advertising activity. marketing planning is a process by which organizations seek to understand market conditions and the needs and preferences of customers, while taking account of other organizations that compete on the market (Bradley 2003). It is to satisfy the customer wants and needs, and managing relationships with stakeholders (Proctor, 2000). Printers (1954) also noted that a company only two functions, which one is the marketing and the other is innovation. The goal of marketing is to create new customers and communicate with all its stakeholders (customers, shareholders and employees). A company can not set effectively implement any action, if no communication was made with all stakeholders. It is t he role of marketing. In the case of Starbucks, it makes little reference to marketing, as evidenced by the small part of the budget allocation for the so-called value-added activities. It seems that the company is its strong operational skills more in the way marketing has been placed in the lateral line dependent. Although they have already worked to justify the change of conditions market should begin to focus the company and marketing. Competitive advantage can be obtained and maintained with the help of marketing. Proctor (2000) argues that competitive advantage should be guided by the market. Printers (1954) found that marketing is the distinction, the function of a single company. We must focus on Starbucks a significant amount of resources in improving its marketing activities. To gain competitive advantage, a company must first define their strategy. An authority in the creation of strategies to gain competitive advantage, Michael Porter. The author defines as a strategy to create a unique and valuable position, involving a different set of activities (Porter 1998b, p. 55). The marketing strategy is to formulate a different set of activities that are a unique and valuable position to be created in the market. The strategy includes the creation of a plan to identify the market conditions and to identify which market segment, the company will focus on. The objectives should be to provide guidance in the implementation of marketing strategy. He is above that Starbucks is a generic strategy of transactions discussion with emphasis on differentiation have been identified. T his strategy can, however, must now be reviewed and adapted. Starbucks now has to communicate with its customers. Starbucks needs to create new customers and new markets in order to avoid saturation of the current market segment. Its marketing goal should focus on creating new markets and, if necessary, to accommodate new products or product lines to new customers. The company can create new products that appeal to the lower market segment, a segment that the company had not yet fully exploited. Its pricing strategy may vary with the creation of these new products to generate new customers in the lower end of the target market. The company currently markets communications and management practices of the customer relationship must also be changed. As evidenced by the survey online, the customer does not feel a significant improvement in Starbucks. If ever there are improvements that the company has done in recent years, these changes are not effective in communicating to its customer s. These improvements in retail sales or customer / relationship must be communicated with his clients to realize that Starbucks is to improve the Starbucks experience that his clients have disappeared in the company to maintain. On the issue of exclusivity, the company needs to develop its modern luxury to be improved. Although it was recommended earlier that the company to new customers or market segments to create new, its not necessarily a negative effect on the reputation of the brand. What businesses need is a system of rewards and exclusive privileges of membership for its regular customers, especially high-end segment of the market and students who create for the companys traditional customers. Exclusive privileges and rewards for customers, either individually or in groups, can apply to become a regular member in society, such as complimentary wireless and unlimited and / or free coffee or other products times a week can be made. The company is also a function room in a ret ail store that cardholders can use exclusive members. These permissions can help improve brand image and reputation of exclusivity. Apart from that, the fees collected from annual membership fees to obtain a company registration. Improve the management of operations In addition to improving their marketing skills, to improve its management as Starbucks store. Operational efficiency: performing similar activities better than rivals perform them (Porter 1998b). However, operational efficiency is not enough to gain or maintain competitive advantage. Porter (1998b) states that a company exceeds its competitors when it provides greater value for customers or can comparable value at lower cost, or the company must do both. It was also higher than the company has identified gaps in the supply chain with their work. The company is rapidly expanding our business, but the quality of its services or its brand reputation has been sacrificed, which in its descent into or to be similar to a chain of fast food is not perceived as a luxury coffee spout. Starbucks has not been able to offer more value to create the same overpriced coffee. The company needs to store its management by improving the appearance of improving each outing. The company may also be necessary to further improve its customer service and improvements to customer knowledge, as already mentioned. Adding or upgrading facilities and shops ornaments are a new look to retailers. Adding a function room, as indicated above, for its exclusive card carrying members will increase even more the experience of exclusivity and luxury of all the houses of Starbucks Coffee. Also notable in the online survey, the attention of Starbucks customers, where, as a business friendly environment. Thats why the company needs to improve performance by more environmentally friendly. It also has a special focus on fair trade materials, since this practice calls for own customers. The company has aligned its resources to these improvem ents in order to maintain its current position in the market and attract more customers and gain competitive advantages and competitiveness. Improve the market to improve its trading standing order, Starbucks must show that the company is profitable. This is only possible if the company continues to show that it has a lasting order of brand / reputation and image recognition. It has significantly curb the current trend of declining sales and profits. But to do so, the company is to initiate and implement changes within the organization, as recommended above. The stock analysts observe the performance of the shares of Starbucks and profitability. Therefore, the company built its reputation on the significant and important improvement in their marketing and operational activities to show that society is at the head of its future and they continue to improve their current leadership in the industry specialty coffee. Apart from that, the company can demonstrate it has the ability to get into new markets has. In this way, analysts are quick to the high valuation of the company, and investors will not be considered for their money in shares of Starbucks. Improving leadership necessary, especially changes that Starbucks, its leadership must be changed. Not that the manager will be deleted, but their abilities, skills and attitudes need to be improved. No organizational transformation will be complete when the leaders are not likely to change. Organizational change can only occur if the right processes are implemented and leaders have been at the forefront of these activities. Lead the organization / change is not an easy task for a manager or director of a company. This was an attempt that failed due to the supervision of leaders. While Starbucks does not seem to have failed leader, it is necessary that its leaders must know exactly what to avoid when running to changes in the organization. Kotter (2007) identified eight major errors committed by organizations. They are as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Not a big enough sense of urgency; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Do not create a powerful enough guiding coalition; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Without a vision; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Through the mediation of vision by a factor of ten; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Do not remove obstacles to the new vision; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Not systematically planning and creating short-term gains; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Declaring victory too soon, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Not anchoring changes in corporate culture. Starbucks employees should avoid the above error. Above or below average implementation of the above may also lead to failure. Therefore, the implementation of recommended changes should be heads of state and government, what exactly is needed, ie the implementation of plans, as they are formulated. Although in some cases, learning from a transformative experience as a melting pot known effective in creating a leader (Bennis and Thomas, 2002), such events are rare. It is therefore relevant for a guide to education and training to create. A leader of Level 5 is the one with the highest skills in the management hierarchy (Collins 2005). Level 5 leaders are not born, they are created. What is needed is a leader of level 5 is to be a large amount of political will and a useful property of humility (Collins 2005). This property can not necessarily be owned by Starbucks executives to effectively implement changes in the organization and to persuade all the members in action. Manz and Hosta ger Bastien (1991) in their study, a framework that managers can be bi-cycle model to adopt in order to involve members of the organization in change. The first cycle includes the participatory cycle in which employees of State and Government on participation and, while seeking to improve employee development and self-direction. The second round of the connotations of the transaction cycle, that incentives make it easier for a contribution through a process of exchange, in which participants will be met at the personalized vision in exchange for various services. The bicycle model can be used in conjunction with strong political leaders. Starbucks in the organization, which could be effective in implementing the changes recommended above. However, managers, and not all tasks. There is a need to plan some organizational changes and balanced measures to implement this plan. Duck (1993) proposes a system of delegation of tasks within a team. A team model of organizational change is nee ded to complete the organizational transformation. The Director may form a team that is responsible for implementing the changes. The team must also balance their responsibilities by carefully selecting the information to all members of the organization and what they may be denied until the actual implementation, as well as others that are just simply reluctant to change to prevent the creation of steps that would prevent the implementation of changes. As Davison (2003), in any organization, particularly important mentioned, there are always differences between members, whether differences of opinion, perspective, or action. As such, a leader in the art must have the ability to take advantage of these differences. The properties mentioned above or the characteristics of heads of state must be owned by the current direction of Starbucks. The recommended changes in the organization of business processes and models are not easy. These recommendations include a radical change in the org anization requires all members to act. Thus, if the leaders of society to the forefront of this change to be. You must have the necessary qualities of a leader, as described above so that organizational change takes effect. Conclusion and recommendations Change management is the demand of the day for Starbucks. Maybe its time that society needs their existing business models, practices and strategies to see if these models are still adjusting to market conditions. The company in the industry for two decades, and is undoubtedly the industry leader for almost the same time. However, as market conditions change, as evidenced by current events and the continued globalization of markets, the company may need to reform its strategy. Starbucks may have already saturated the market with its current strategy or in a different direction, be the one who walked away from the objective position in the market. As such, the company must implement a change. Management practices may need to be revised. As a printer (1954, p.37) said: It is the client, what a business is determined. In this sense, Starbucks identify what the customer wants, what they need and what they prefer otherwise. As part of its practice in previous years, Starbucks seems to be contained in the expansion alone, unaware of the communication with customers, who have their preferences. Note that the customer changes the taste and preferences are themselves constantly. Therefore, changes in market conditions as well. In this context, Starbucks could monitor changes in customer behavior and market conditions. Thus, in recent months, the performance of Starbucks will continue on a downward trend. It is imperative that the causes of this decline must be identified and measures must be taken. The remedy, however, must be long term, a term that is not short. Although short-term measures are needed to reflect changes in tactics, it is important to set a goal, or that correspond to revise, if necessary, the current goal, the realities of todays business and the future of the company. It was recommended that Starbucks should focus on marketing and improving operational efficiency. Marketing is the missing element in a Starbucks practice in recent years. It is therefor e significant weight given to this area. Apart from that, have the leadership of the company and be transformed. It was recommended that if the leadership of the organization of a certain behavior, characteristics or skills that are necessary to implement the changes that are successful in the organization to accept. Several practices and principles have been described in this document will serve as a guide or reference guide in the practices of leaders and managers of Starbucks. These principles are defined as a product of studies by academics and practitioners in the field of area management, marketing and other economic. It is strongly recommended that Starbucks should implement the change within the organization to maintain the current level of industry and to achieve competitiveness. Reference Abrahamson, E. 2000, Change Without Pain, Harvard Business Review, Reprint, July- August. Bennis, W. and Thomas R. 2002, Crucibles of Leadership, Harvard Business Review, Reprint, September 2002.. Braganza, A. 2001, Radical Process Change: A Best Practice Blueprint, John Wiley Sons, New York. Clark, T. 2007, Starbucked: A Double Tall Tale of Caffeine, Commerce and Culture, Little, Brown and Company, New York. Collins, J. 2005, Level 5 Leadership: The Triumph of Humility and Fierce Resolve, Harvard Business Review, Reprint, July-August. Davidson, M. 2003, The Path to Leveraging Difference: Seeing, Understanding and Valuing Difference, Paper Presented to the Darden Graduate School ofBusiness Administration, University of Virginia Darden School Foundation, Charlottesville, VA. Drejer, A. 2002, Management and Core Competencies: Theory and Application, Quorum Books, Westport, CT. Drucker P. 1954, The Practice of Management, Harper Row, New York. Duck, J. D. 1993, Managing Change: The Art of Balancing, Harvard Business Review, Reprint, November-December. Humphries, E. and Senden, B. 2000, Leadership and Change: A Dialogue of Theory and Practice, Australian Journal of Early Childhood, vol. 25, no. 1. p. 26. Kotter, J. 2007, Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail, Harvard Business Review, January. Larson, R. 2011, Starbucks a Analysis: Past Decisions Future Options, Brown University Economics Department, Providence, RI. Manz, C., Bastien, D. and Hostager, T. 1991, Executive Leadership During Organizational Change: A Bi-Cycle Model, Human Resource Planning, vol. 14, no. 4. p. 275+. Moore, A. 2007, Starbucks Cut to Sell on Slow Growth, Higher Costs, Market Watch [Online] Available at: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/starbucks-downgradedto- sell-shares-slip?siteid=yhoof [Accessed on july 18, 2012]. Motley, L.B. 2007, Learning About Customer Satisfaction from Starbucks, ABA Bank Marketing, December, p. 43.

Analyse Additional Elements of the Extended Marketing Mix

Analyse Additional Elements of the Extended Marketing Mix This essay looks at the main elements of both the original and the extended marketing mix. This includes an introduction to the concept of the product life cycle, new product development, pricing strategies, distribution options and the promotion mix. Finally, the essay develops marketing mixes for Coca Cola to meet the needs of different target groups. Explain how products are developed to sustain competitive advantage. Sustainable competitive advantage is the focal point of a corporate strategy (E-Course, 2013). It allows the preservation and improvement of an organisational competitive position in the market. It is an advantage that allows business to stay alive against its competition. A competitive advantage is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value, either by means of lower prices or by providing greater benefits and service that justifies higher prices (Teacher Republic, 2013). See Coca Cola Companys competitors and positioning in (Appendix1) See Porters competitive advantage and cost advantage in (Appendix 2). When a company brings a new product into a market they must think about who is the product aimed at, what advantage will customers expect, how does the company plan to position the product inside the market and what benefit will the product proffer over their competitors. According to Kotler product have three levels, core product, actual Product and augmented product, see Coca Cola product levels in (Appendix 3) Product life cycle is the course of a products sales and profiles over its lifetime. It involves five distinct stages: product development, introduction, growth, maturity and decline (Kotler, et al, 2005). When companies introduce new product, it takes some time to be extensively accepted, at which point its sales and incomes will begin to rise. This will attract other competitors into the market, cause the market to mature. Finally, the market will decline as companies start to introduce the next product, and customers switch to that product. See Coca Cola product life cycle in (Appendix 4) Coca Cola Company provides different type soft drinks like Coke Zero, Diet Coke, Fanta etc. There good image makes the organisation more strong. Coca Cola is providing good taste, quality products with qualified staff, good atmosphere and hygienic environment. They are specialised in soft and fizzy drinks. Coca Cola have created good image in customers mind, their image is reputable and reliable, and it has one of the most well-liked soft drinks available. They have well-known which is why customers feel comfortable in buying Coca Cola products. Coca Cola can market too many different segments. Coca Cola can market their product to teenagers much easier than older people, because teenagers are their target market. See Coca Colas mission statement in (Appendix 5). Explain how distribution is arranged to provide customer convenience. Distribution in marketing acts importantly to attract customers convenience and organisations use method of distribution to see their ability. Two types of channel of distribution methods are available. Indirect distribution involves distributing product by the use of an intermediary. Direct distribution involves distributing direct from a manufacturer to the consumer (Kotler, et al, 2005). Distribution is underneath the group of place, therefore organisations create a precise distribution method so that its readily available to the customers and it can improve possible sales for an organisation. See Coca Cola distribution channels in (Appendix 6). The Coca Cola Company sell its products with bottling and canning operations. The distributors get to the Coca Cola to the wholesalers and the wholesalers get it to retailers and at final the customers buy Coca Cola from retailer shop. If Coca Cola does not work on its distribution services then their bottles are just reachable at their factories then customers may not be keen to get them. Its more appropriate for the customer to buy Coca Cola from a close seller as compared to getting it from factory. Therefore distribution system of an organisation can be both its weakness and strength. Companies should know that their products are available at retailer shops and stores where customers can easily buy it. Explain how prices are set to reflect an organisations objectives and market conditions. One of the parts in the marketing mix is pricing. This part of the 4Ps are the one making returns and which is also why it is important that an organisation chooses the right price. Pricing is one of the most significant parts of the Coca Cola Company marketing mix, which makes revenue for them. Coca Cola use different types of pricing strategies. The pricing strategies are standing much on what aims the company has put itself to achieve. See (Appendix 7). Owing to the accessibility of wide variety products the pricing is complete according to the market and geographic segment. Each sub-brand of coca cola has different pricing strategy. Their pricing strategy is base on the competitors pricing, Pepsi is one of their competitor in soft drink industry. The Coca-Cola Company choose their pricing objective they believe will be most effective in dispensing their brand to customer, to do this Coca-Cola use market-skimming pricing. Coca Cola Company use marketing-skimming as there is a enough number of purchasers that have a high demand, also Coca Cola sets an primary high price and then lower the price to make the product available to a extensive market. Coca Cola Company use penetration pricing strategy as they want to hold maximum share of the market by maximum profit. Coca Cola use discount pricing, where their products prices are often become down during sale periods and special occasions, like Christmas, Easter etc. Also Coca Cola use competitor pricing, where to meet the competition pricing, their products pricing are set about the same level as it competitors. Illustrate how promotional activity is integrated to achieve marketing objectives. Promotion being an element of marketing mix consists of communication among the customer and seller of that product (Kotler, et al, 2005). Promotional activities are important element because, these activities are performed in order to inform customers about the product and it includes personal selling, adverting, public relations, sales promotion, direct marketing etc. An advertisement, for instance helps a buyer to get to know about the company and it is products, this can be done by bill boards, banners or posters. The benefit of advertisement is that it informs people about different products and services, their utilities, cost and other requirements. The disadvantage is cost because advertising is more expansive. In personal selling companies use their staffs to sell their product after face-to-face communication with the customer and seller efforts to convince a customer to purchase the product. Personal selling is one of the ways to keep good customers relationships, but this method is expensive. Sales promotion is short term incentives to encourage purchase or sales of a product or service (Kotler, et al, 2005). Here are some examples of sales promotions activities and it includes buy-one-get-one-free, bonus points, free gift cards, vouchers and coupons, competitions and prize draws, etc. The advantage is that sales promotion can help companies to provide right information to customers, also it encourage repeat purchases and customer loyalty, but the advantages are that it increase price sensitivity and it is generally for a short duration Public relations play an important role in promotion. It can be used to create a good image of the company for example magazines, TV or radio etc. PR is inexpensiveness of the cost, but it is hard to predict about the responses and it increase the risk. Direct marketing is where a company selling their products directly to people such as fliers or street advertising. It allows targeting specific customer and it can be measureable, but it is difficult to get it is direct impact and it can be quite expansive. Coca Cola use different methods of advertisement and the company spends a significant amount of money in order to be seen on billboards, radio, magazines, television, and on the internet. The Coca cola Company uses advertising as its key source of increasing buyer consciousness. It mostly uses the television; this source allows the companys products to attract more customers. Coca Cola uses the radio as another method of advertisement and this is a cheaper then TV. They use personal selling, where the company train their sales staffs, which they preform as a representative of the company to the shops. Newspapers and magazines are other forms of advertising that is extensively used by Coca Cola. Moreover, Posters, signs and billboards are also broadly used as an important part of the Coca Cola promotion. Coca Cola billboards are normally placed at the city centres and their posters are usually displayed at the shops, public transport and restaurants like McDonalds, KFC, etc. In addition, Internet is another method where different forms of Coca-Cola advertisements are placed. Specially, the brand online advertisement is assumed through the wide use of banners, on-site sponsorships and several other formats of online advertisements. Analyse the additional elements of the extended marketing mix Marketing mix has three additional elements: People, Process and Physical Evidence People are one of the elements of service marketing mix. People define a service. This mentions to the people who are in straight contact with the customer such as staff. One of the important parts in selling a product is the companys staff because most customers rely on a decent service before purchasing a product. For example, the employees in Coca Cola Company have a standard uniform. The companies always focus on friendly and quick service to its customers from their staffs. The process of the product is essential in marketing. This determines the capability of the product to supply the demand of the consumers. The process at Coca Cola Company is transparent and hidden (the whole process is not visible to the customers). Coca Cola has two types of processes which is involves bottling and labelling solutions. The most important stage that Coca Cola consider is control of the company to get products at the agreed time and good quality, and the last step they consider is, the selling of beverage for target customers of distributors. Physical evidence is an important element of marketing mix where customers will base their decisions based on the service which intangible. Companies physical evidence is supported by signs, symbols and artefacts of the business itself. Examples of this would be the signage in Coca Cola which reassures the customer through branding. Plan marketing mixes for two different segments in consumer markets. Coca Cola Company is focusing on target market; when it markets a product it mainly consider on demographic and physiographic segmentations; where demographic segment before it markets it identify the consumer groups in: age, sex, education, race, and occupation, and in physiographic it divides the market into different levels as: lower class, middle class, and upper class to identify their customers. Coca Cola segments different ages. The company focus on whole population in the world, but young generation is the target marketed of the company. Also Coca Cola segments different income levels by packing. For example, customers who have small income, Coca Cola has small returnable glass bottle, for middle people it has small non returnable bottle and for rich and higher income people, the company has Coca Cola tin. Marketing mix for Diet Coke: Coca Cola developed a new product. This product is a diet drink by the name of Diet Coke. They have designed the marketing mix of product which is detail in below: Product: Diet Coke is a very fresh and tasty diet drink. This new and fresh drink is made to provide the consumers with energetic feel with taste as well. Diet Coke is available in different sizes of which start from 330ml 2L bottle. This drink is mainly for the female teenagers from age 16 24. (Get Me Media, 2012) Price: Price of Diet Coke is very reasonable as compared to its major competitors. According to Tesco price its 330ml bottle is for 65p and 2L bottle is for  £1.98. Place: placement has an important role to play in the products success and failure. That is why the company makes sure that the Diet Coke is place in such a way in market that its in reach of every customer. They have very strong distribution channel and their product is available on maximum stores in the city. Promotion: For a product of such high standards like Diet Coke it requires good promotional activities. For this purpose the Coca Cola Company have chosen following promotional tools: for advertisement the company have use different types of media like television, newspaper, magazines, internet and radio. Illustrate differences in marketing products and services to businesses rather than consumers There are some characteristics to a service such as: lack of ownership, intangibility and inseparability. Each of these taken into account when marketing a service, see (Appendix 8). A product is something which is tangible where as a service is intangible. A product is much easier than the service because after marketing and selling a product there is something tangible to be seen by the customers for they are satisfaction but in services they cannot because its intangible. Basically, the marketing of product is particularly focused on 4Ps in marketing mix namely product, price, place, and promotion. The Coca Cola Company analyse the major demand of their customers in order to find out a product that can respond the market demand. Firstly, Coca Cola Company focuses on the strength as well as eliminates the vulnerabilities of marketed products in order to improve products to meet customers demand as much as possible. Secondly, they focus on the pricing factor in product marketing because the price must be set to match with the purchasing power of a target group. The Coca Cola know the nature price of selling products. Thirdly, the Coca Cola focus on place because place of product marketing refers to distribution channels to deliver and sell the product to customers. Lastly, they create the promotion on the product in order to persuade customers and motivate the sale in a short term. On the other hand, a service is the action that provide for customers. The service marketing is generally use 7Ps which is extended from 4Ps by adding people, process and physical evidence. It is important for any service industry to employ appropriate staffs or people. Employing and training of staffs have good impact that is why the Coca Cola Company gives training to their staffs because most of customers will judge the quality of their service from staffs. Therefore, Coca Cola employ staffs that have good and interpersonal skills. Conclusion: The essay shows that marketing mix (4Ps and 7Ps) is a very important part of creating marketing strategy, also it is crucial for a company to implement their marketing concept successfully. The Coca Cola Company develops their product or service to meet the customers needs and wants; then they seem into determining how their consumer going to receive the product and they consider direct or indirect channels of distribution. The Coca Cola Company will decide a price for their products that ensures a profit. Finally, they promote their product by using different advertising methods to attract customers.

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Gandhi once said, â€Å"a man is but the product of his thoughts what he thinks, he becomes.† Gandhi was a free-willed thinker and was the famous leader of the movement for Indian independence; he based his teachings on non-violence and truth. Being born and raised in India, he saw all the aspects of how British rule was controlling, but not knowing of any of the troubles of the British control, Gandhi set off to study law in England. He soon leaves for South Africa and opens a law office. But it was here in South Africa that where Gandhi organizes his first protest against anti-Indian laws in South Africa and was imprisoned. When he was released he returned to India and seven years later was put on trial and was sentenced to six years in jail. In jail, Gandhi began his â€Å"great fast† in protest of British control. But Gandhi was persistent to win the battle with no violence so he repeatedly was thrown in jail and fasted continuously. Even being imprisoned for years , nothing stopped the great independence leader of India. Gandhi once said, â€Å"you can chain me, you can torture me, you can even destroy this body, but you will never imprison my mind.† Gandhi’s beliefs can easily be translated into transcendentalism. Transcendentalism is a philosophy that promotes spiritual thinking and be one with nature. Ralph Waldo Emerson who wrote Nature and Self-Reliance and Henry David Thoreau who wrote Civil Disobedience and Walden are two famous examples of transcendentalists. They believe that people should not conform to society’s ways and beliefs and instead listen to their own conscious even if we are to be judged by others. They are true to themselves and find themselves through nature and being in solitude. Most nonconformists in the world were... ...e succeeded. Gandhi is known as the father of India but he can also be known as a transcendentalist because of his acts of civil disobedience, his careless thoughts of what others thought of him, and his persistence for racial and gender equality. When comparing transcendentalism and Gandhi, we can clearly see how closely related their philosophies were because like transcendentalism, Gandhi was self-reliant, a nonconformist, and believed in equality. Gandhi set examples for many others leaders to help gain independence because like all other actions it begins with ideas, and with ideas anything is possible. Everything can be accomplished if we all step outside of the pressures of society and find ourselves and be the person we intend to be and not society’s puppet. Like Gandhi once said before, â€Å"a man is but the product of his thoughts what he thinks, he becomes.†

Economic Pursuits of the Jews in the Middle Ages :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Economic Pursuits of the Jews in the Middle Ages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Jews in the middle ages progressed economically through various occupations. Their economic status was very volatile for many reasons. No area of Jewish life in Western Europe offers such a perpetual change as the economy does. The Jews most specifically participated in international trade, crafts, slave trade, local trade, and most popularly in money lending.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Jewish people participated in commerce in the countries of western Mediterranean . However, Jewish roles in commerce were rather limited because Syrian merchants in Gaul who supplied the population with luxury articles imported from the East monopolized the whole commerce scene . There would be a consistent war between Muslim and Christian fleets at sea, which left the Jewish merchants at a neutral status. As a result, Jewish merchants who were kidnapped at sea by pirates had a better chance of getting their ransom paid by their co-religionists . Jewish merchants had become very competitive which supposedly put some fear on others. Consequently, in 945, the Venetian government ordered its ship owners not to carry Jewish passengers .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jewish merchants traded in amber, textiles, hides, arms, spices, precious stones, and other luxury articles . Their clientele consisted mainly of royal and ducal courts and the aristocracy, both secular and clerical . There were other groups engaged in international trade, and Jewish merchants were not the dominant role in the commerce scene . In the cities re-conquered from the Muslims in Spain, Jews played a decisive role in the revival of commerce and industry, and especially in the production and merchandising of clothing . As well, England’s Jewry had a role in commerce, too .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the year 1100, The Jewish role in international trade began to decline . The Hansa cities began to replace the Jewish traders. Their ships were heavily armed, and were no match for the Jews .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some believe that Jews controlled the slave trade . Jews were also accused of kidnapping Christian children and selling them to Muslims in southern Spain. The proportion of Jews among the slave traders was smaller than their proportion in international trade . Jewish participation in trading Christian slaves was limited because a Christian ruler sometimes protected it . The Jewish merchants faced many unfair obstacles because of blunt discrimination. The Christian merchants were not faced with these same obstacles such as not being able to trade other Christian slaves.