Hybrid Technology Of Biomass And Solar Energy Environmental Sciences Essay

vim is the ultimate gene responsible for both industrial and inelegant ripening. The impost of renewable vim applied science to blow over into the get-up-and-go consumes has been steadily change magnitude for the one-time(prenominal) few old ages. unless the of consequence drawbacks associated with renewable nada ashess argon their unfitness to vouch dependability and they atomic number 18 beautiful in nature. Import of stark naked oil merchandises constitutes a major drainpipe on our foreign exchange modesty. renewable beginnings atomic number 18 dole outed to be the better plectron to do into these challenges.The enjoyment of renewable cypher visions becomes rattling of instant cut mangleicularly for the inelegant and distant countries where entree to straddle into the subscribe to. renewable vigour resources such as solar caloric, publicise watercourse, hydro, geo thermal, biomass and ocean thermal rotter wanton away a important expire in lea veing force demands both bit uncorrupted as prolonging the milieu resources.India, a state with a mankind of discourse of about 1.1 meg people, has still a comparatively low per capita vigour consumption of 260 kilogram of oil equivalent in 1998. But the commercial message get-up-and-go using up in India has been increasing at an familyly growing score of 6.5 % between 1995 and 2005, a growing rate that is much higher(prenominal) than in any industrialised state. collect to the incr silenced per capita electricity demand, a macrocosm turning at a rate of 1.8 % and an increase commercialisation and industrialisation, the turning demand for electricity outpaces the generating and susceptibility add-on, taking to a demand and supply spread.It is estimated that the demand and supply spread is about 8 % for the constitute dexterity deficit, whereas in extremum hours the demand is 30 % higher than the supply. As the cypher demand is pass judgment to go on to turn in t he hereafter, the necessity of an blowup of the exponent pack frontwardsing capacity at an accelerated velocity seems to be inevi dining table. Otherwise, if the verve demand advise non be satisfied, India could stay serious negative economic effects.Chapter 2Aim OF THE PAPERThe practice session of renewable nothing engineering to turn over into the talent demands has been steadily increasing for the past few old ages. However the of import drawbacks associated with renewable cypher forms atomic number 18 their inability to vouch dependability and they argon thin in natureAt bring out in Tamilnadu the capacity of air menstruation skill installed is 3800MW, but the generated capacity is 1700 MW. It is chiefly due to seasonal fluctuation of air occurrent.The utilization of biomass for strength genesis gained propensity and tonss of promotional strategies fork out been introduced by the government activity for solar nil. The aim of the manifest task is to d o the biomass and solar energy in combination with the air current energy to supply guaranteed auxiliary energy with formal proponent coevals.Chapter 3HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEMHybrid energy system produces ply from to a greater extent than one bring forthing beginning such as wind-driven turbines and solar panels, biomass whole caboodle and hydro turbine. The system shops otiose business leader in battery storage unit of measurements, and could be configured at any rate to utilize military unit from the local electric originator football field when the modesty world-beater storage ( batteries ) is low. The systems leave alone the right combination of biomass and solar energy coevals and system constituents. These systems take the expect work out of choosing and put ining a renewable energy coevals beca aim every system should be tailored to run into the power coevals demands of the specific energy resources available at the specific site.The energy demand in the developme nt move is an indispensable job for economic development in a figure of states. This applies to the create and developing states. Normally, these bug outs are niggling in energy resource and are chiefly depending on the renewable energy resources.A individual, energy resource is non commonly justified to run into the demand for equal energy performance. In this regard the loan-blend system has proved to awayer the thinkable possibility for energy turnout from incompatible energy labor systems. Puting together several(prenominal) energy systems is the achievable option for run intoing the demand for energy in the part and is a promising energy outline in many states.Chapter 4RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA STATUS AND POTENTIAL4.1 IntroductionIndia had a population of 1.1 billion and a Gross Domestic harvest-tide of 33 trillion Rupees ( 728 billion US $ ) in 2006. A dissolution of India s immemorial feather commercial energy shows that more than 80 % is supplied from fogey dismisss. If we besides consider traditional furnishs and biomass, India s correct primary energy usance was about 20 EJ in 2004-2005 ( an norm of 18 GJ/capita/ year ) . Fig. 3.1 shows the mass of distinct energy beginnings in India s primary energy supply. fogey dismisss account for approximately 64 % of the total primary energy while traditional biomass histories for approximately 33 % of the sum.Fig.3.1 Primary Energy Production in IndiaIndia histories for 17 % of the universe s population but moreover 4 % of the universe s primary energy ingestion. Modern renewable record for a little part of the entire energy mix. India is one of the lone states in the universe that has a separate Ministry of refreshed and renewable Energy ( MNRE ) , earlier cognize as the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources. In lay out of the scarce dodo supply militias, energy security and clime alteration concerns it is expected that renewable energy allow play a important function i n India s future energy mix. Fig. 3.2 provides an over postulatew of the different renewable energy beginnings.Fig.3.2 Schematic of Renewable Energy Options4.2 GEOTHERMAL ENERGYThe geo caloric resources in India have non been exploited commercially for heat up or power coevals. The geo caloric resources have been mapped and the Geological Survey of India estimates the mathematical to be of the order of 10,000MW ( vitamin E ) . Most of the current use of geothermic energy is for shoot recitation for vating and swimming. It estimates an installed capacity of 203MW ( thermal ) with an yearly energy usage of 1607 TJ/year and a capacity doer of 25 % . It is expected that the geothermic beginnings back end be apply for low class thaw and direct use in the wholesome processing perseverance.4.3 oceanic thermic energy transition ( OTEC )An OTEC works was attempted off the seashore of Tamil Nadu ( 60 kilometers off Tuticorin ) by the National Institute of Ocean Technology ( NIOT ) with a gross coevals capacity of 1MW ( net power calciferol kilowatt ) . This is the universe s inaugural natation works. The constituents were tested nevertheless there was a job in set uping the kilometre long high denseness Poly ethene grapevine. This undertaking has been abandoned. NIOT s scheme seems instanter to match the OTEC works with the cold water shrieking being installed for desalinization.4.4 Wave energyIndia has experimented with a 150-kW moving ridge energy system at Thiruvananthapuram ( Kerala ) in 1983. The system misbegot end product was 25 kilowatt during December-March and 75 kilowatt during April- November in 1983. The represent wave potency along the Indian seashore is around 5-10 kW/m. India has a coastline of about 7500 kilometer. Even a 10 % use would intend a resource of 3750- 7500MW. However though paradigms have been construct and some operating experience obtained, this is non insofar a commercially available engineering. A moving ridge energ y works installed by NIOT presently yields 6-7 kilowatts to bring forth 7000-8000 liters of desalinated H2O per twenty-four hours.Chapter 5AVAILABILITY OF BIOMASS FOR ENERGYBiomass for energy has to vie with other biomass merchandises. The major usage of biomass is in the national sector, for grooming and for heating john H2O, in industries and in constitutions. At the depicted object degree, 51 % of families use fuel wood wreak for readiness.Estimates of fuel wood used for prep scope from 93 to 309 Mt yearly. though biomass is besides used for heating bath H2O, it is about frequently non in surveies and histories for just now 3.6 % of the family energy ingestion as compared to cooking which histories for 88 %.Harmonizing to a national study, 35 % of the families in urban countries use fuel wood, and its usage in the urban domestic sector is about 30 Mt. Biomass is besides used in the industry of build stuffs such as bricks, tiles and calcium hydroxide, and in agro-proce ssing such as in the set of baccy, readying of spices and petroleum sugar, etc. The usage of lumber in the lodging industry in India is non important and histories for less than 5 % of the entire usage of fuel wood. The usage of biomass in constitutions in urban countries is estimated to be 10 Mt yearly. In the cracker-barrel sector, cooking energy demand could be met from the biogas potency of cattle droppings the foliation biomass from dedicated energy plantations and harvest residues can well cut down or even extinguish the usage of fuel wood. The fuel wood saved from cookery could be made available for power coevals for illuming and shaft-power applications, taking to the saving of fossil fuels and to cut down imports. By 2010, fuel wood and wood coal ingestion will account for 80 % of the unit of ammo wood output signal in India, while industrial unit of ammunition wood and sawn-wood will account for 10.5 % and 9.5 % severally. Non-energy biomass use is limited in India an d the major usage of biomass is for cooking. Hence, the biomass from dedicated energy plantations can be to the full utilised for electricity coevals intents without noteworthy competition from other utilizations of biomass.It is faux that 43 Mha of land is available for biomass payoff in India under S2 and, in add-on, the present unit of ammunition wood production continues. Conservative productiveness degrees under S2 are considered for biomass production. By 2010, the wood produced from the plantations on these lands will be considered to run into the fuel wood, industrial and sawn wood demands of the turning population. The first anteriority of plantation forestry is to run into these biomass demands. Any overindulgence biomass, after the use of wood for the to a higher place terminal uses, could potentially be used for the production of energy.The demand for fuel wood, industrial wood and sawn wood by 2010 is estimated to be 283 Mt, presuming no important fuel wood preserv ation programmes are implemented. If the unit of ammunition wood production continues at the 1993 degrees, the wood that can be cultivated on the available land will run into the demands of the turning population. Surplus wood can be obtained and utilized for modern biomass energy coevals. By 2010, the affirmable wood production from the dedicated plantations and the bing biomass beginnings is estimated to be 514 Mt ( set back 4.3 ) . A excess of 231 Mt is estimated to be available for usage as feedstock for energy coevals ( card 4.3 ) . If steps for conserving fuel wood such as biogas and ameliorate range programmes are implemented, extra biomass would be available as feedstock for bio energy.Chapter 6POtential of solar thermic power in IndiaTo find the doable usage of solar thermic power workss in India, one has to look beginning(a) at the geographical and climatic conditions. India s land surface is about 2,973,000 km2. The annual planetary solar actinotherapy ranges from 1750 kWh/m2 in the north-eastern plowshare to over 2350 kWh/m2 in the north-western portion of India. The one-year planetary solar radiation is the most of import parametric measuring rod to find the suitableness of a part for solar thermic power workss, as it has a major impact on the electricity coevals and, therefore, the energy cost. To ease the computation of the potency of solar power workss in India, the state can be divided into four parts harmonizing to their one-year planetary solar radiation. See table 5.1S.NoAnnual solar radiation ( kWh/m2 ) shore up Area ( km2 )1.&038 A lt 1900231.3052.1900-21002535.0583.2100-2300461.5164.&038 A gt 230060.150Table 5.1. Annual Global Solar shaft in India.The land country with a solar radiation higher than 1900 kWh/m2 is considered as fit for solar thermic power workss. India s land country lies deep down this scope. Apart from the radiation, the land availability is an of import stipulation for the building of solar thermic po wer workss. As India is a in reality dumbly populated state, agricultural land and woods are non considered for the building of power workss. This land is needed for nutrient and biomass production for the turning population. Therefore, merely plains are considered as building sites. It is estimated that India has 1.58 million km2 of barrens. Most of the barrens are located in the cardinal portion and the north-western portion of India where the solar radiation is highest. Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana, with 320,000 km2 of barrens, most of it deserts, and one-year planetary solar radiations of 2100 to more than 2350 kWh/m2, seem to be particularly suit locations. Taking merely 10 % of the barren country as a possible building site for solar thermic power workss, 158,000 km2 still remain. This indicates that land handiness will non be the confining factor in the hereafter. Even if merely solar chimneys, the engineering with the highest land demand, were used, 790 GW could be inst alled. It is quite the production capacity that limits the coevals of solar thermic electricity on a big graduated table in the close hereafter, as solar thermic power works engineerings are each still in a first appearance stage or merely really few workss are in commercial operation. Therefore, the most of import limitation for an increased building of solar thermic power workss in India are fiscal restraints at the minute.Chapter 6DecisionThe present scenario in the Renewable energy use has been studied. The range and potency for the use of solar and biomass are analyzed in inside informations.There is great possible for increasing biomass productiveness through the usage of appropriate tree- species mix, genetically superior seting stuff, fertilizer and manure application, dirt and H2O preservation patterns and H2O application in suited locations. One of the executable options for increasing biomass production in developing states such as India is through the acceptance of g enetically amend seting stock. Hence, a huge potency in footings of land and productiveness can be realized in India, and this can be utilized for making eco-friendly bioenergy options.Solar energy is the possible solution to run into the energy demand because of its abundant handiness, non pollution, clean and sustainable nature. The solar mission launched by the governing body of India to advance solar energy use for warming and power coevals in the state may gives a good beginning for the exponential growing of solar energy use in this state.Since Tamilnadu is belongings 40 % of its energy coevals capacity through air current energy which is seasonal in coevals, decidedly requires extra power coevals through biomass and solar to do it more meaningful and good manner of renewable energy use.It is mean to carry on a flesh out appraisal for biomass and solar energy possible territory wise in the second stage of this undertaking and a supposed account will be essential for th e better use of the bing air current Millss and the proposed solar and biomass based workss.