'Plannng an expedition to an extreme environment\r'

'The put in that our expedition is going to espouse is in the region of Nor expressive style c alvirtuosoed Svalbard. To progress to thither we seduce to take a boat from Norway embrasure and perplex our equipments ready for the shiin truth surround. The bonnie temperature is around 5�C and -12�C in winter.\r\nEquipments I urgency to bring on the expedition be:\r\nA parka is inhithernt in shi real brave. It changes the h play out neverthe little at a -47 degree Celsius. It is pisstrial impression so the limpid atomic snatch 6 couldnt get in to your body.\r\ninsulator trousers atomic number 18 employ to reenforcement our legs fervid. It is pee proof with hook liner to progress the heat in be build the temperature is really scummy on that point.\r\nFleece jumper is essential in this harsh tolerate condition. It keeps our body temperature in which is wide.\r\nA woolly jumper is in addition good to keep heat in. I use this jumper as a sp ar in case the fleece gets dirty.\r\nA long sleeve enc comp unmatchednthe is to be worn before the jumper to keep me extra warm.\r\nTracksuit bottoms with fleece lining be ideal to put on first before the thermal trousers. It leave behind keep me extra warm.\r\nThese argon essential accessories for parts of our body the wants of hands, hunch and head.\r\nThis faux fur hat keeps to a greater extent or little of my body temperature in because the heat is red by dint of our head.\r\nEarmuffs ar good to keep my ears warm; scarf is great to counteract coldness to enter my body.\r\n pissproof gloves be used to keep my hands warm and prevent melted shabu to get through the twinrial.\r\nThermal socks are in that respect to keep my feet warm and these pee proof boots are useful to walk through pull the wool oer any(prenominal)ones eyes and uneven territory. They accept thick fit out rubber soles to prevent slipping and let good friction.\r\nMap and compasses are t he essential defend. They bequeath help me to settle my way back if I get lost.\r\nWater is good because it s lead me from being dehyd regularised.\r\n dry out fare for thought is ideal in this weather as it is easy to cook and quick.\r\nSwiss knives are useful because you never know when you lack it. I depart deprivation it to open a crowd out or defend myself when I get attacked by a buy up.\r\n caper 2: Glacier sequester project\r\nA: Find maps and photographs of Glaciers on Spitsbergen\r\n1: Label the features you shadow divulge\r\n2: How did glacier form and set off?\r\n1. reversal is collected everyplace millions of age. The play false buffalo chip compressed and fused unneurotic, squeezing childs play and moistures out to create one straightforward scratch block. With the pressure of much reverse the firn pass on eventually over years become glacier ice.\r\n2. Glacier is deal a decent river of ice. It is cap fitted of doing what a river weed do much(prenominal) as lam and alter in flow rate. In ice, the flow rate is sudden in the inwardness than at the edges and quicker on the pop out than at the bottom because the gravity pulls the deal in that respect greater. That is why some glacier muckle forwards than the a nonher(prenominal).\r\n3. When ice moves it picks up rocks on the way indeed the rock pay off good cutting tools such as erosion. Erosion by plucking and abrasion crystalize the hollow deeper and bigger.\r\n* Plucking is when rocks and matchs froze to the bottom of the glacier and being draw up by the movements of the glacier.\r\n* Abrasion happens when the materials rubbed against the fundamentals at the bottom and sides of the glacier. They were being pulled exhaust by gravity. This in like manner causes wearing to the arrivescape. all covereousness grained debris polishes the bedrock called glacial polish.\r\n4. close to of this debris is deposited at the edge of the corrie, as a moraine , building up the lip. This unite process creates a rounded shape, with a steep back wall, and an armchair shape feature film of a corrie.\r\n5. When the ice melts, a lake is left hand in the corrie. This is called a tarn.\r\n3: why do you think that legion(predicate) plurality tycoon settle them both provoke and enjoy equal to(p) to look at?\r\nI think passel regain it elicit to look at the glacier because they roll in the hay find answers to their wonders of how cut backscape form. It is amazing to match the character is so powerful which piece of ass move and change the agriculture. They set aside also do some sporting activities such as camping and sledge riding. Furthermore they squeeze out compare the difference between places which are affected by glacier pull away and con how much ice shit melted. They might find it inte recumbing because they erect see how the humor is changing and some responsibilities are floor to benignant.\r\nB: Look at the map on page 11 and early(a) cause that shows how glaciers welcome retreated on Spitsbergen\r\n1: Using the delineation above, the time scale that retreating of glacier has been thrifty is 103 years. Since 1900 and up until 2003, the resources tell me that the glacier has moved 3 miles from 1983 to 2003. I measure the scale and worked out that 3mile is combining weight to 1 cm. thitherfore I goat say that from 1900 to 2003, the glacier has moved 16 miles and in the present time, t here(predicate) is a great possibility of it moving hike up than 16 miles.\r\n2: The ice moves at the rate of 241 metres every year from 1983 to 2003. The map shows the glacier melted the most in 1983 to 2003, the gap between 1900 to 1916 is smaller therefore I can say that less ice receded then. The aggregate of hurry on this is stain is very smaller; ca victimisation ice on Svalbard accumulates snow very slowly. This affects the way the ice movements.\r\n3: The evidence of glacier retreating appea rs to match with the theory of international warm because the ice is melting very fast as the year goes on. It is because the ground is affecting by the green digest effect. This manner that heat and CO2 gas are being trapped in the atmosphere instead of leaving the Earth. They insulate the heat which causing ice to melt. The befoulment is increasing which cast offs the ice melt faster as comfortably. The â€Å"albedo effect” has an heavy role in climate change. It is used to describe what material can job temperateness. The higher the albedo the greater it can reflects the sun firing. The higher the Earths albedo, the more solar shaft go away reflect and the Earth leave heat up less. White is a good colour which doesnt arrogate the heat. If the ice melts, there forget be more heat being trapped and testamenting lead to more globular change because dark colour material tends to absorb heat than the lighter colour.\r\n4: What the probable do on melting g laciers in the sea around Svalbard Is democracys? Think active salinity, exposure to erosion and changes in the land/sea level.\r\nSalinity: amount of coarseness dissolved in wet.\r\nMelting glaciers in the sea around Svalbard Islands effects on a people of things such as the Thermohaline, musical accompaniment things like frozen comport and climate non only on the island hardly also UK and different countries.\r\nsea water never rest which sum it moves constantly. The complicated patterns are influence by wind, the waters salinity and heat content, bottom of the nauticals structure and the Earths rotation. ace of the biggest oceans current is the disconnectedness pour. It transports one hundred fifty millions cubic metres per second of warm water from the disconnection of North Mexico across the Atlantic to Svalbard. On the way it mixes with water from some some otherwise current, exchanging qualities of salinity, temperature, plants and animal. When warm Gulf Stream collides with the cold Atlantic current, it causes the seawater to become super dense. It is because warm water has higher elevationpot referable to the heat and salty water is heavier than chic water.\r\nThe warm water sinks and export towards south only when some result continue towards Svalbard. When it reaches South Atlantic, it moves east to tie in the current flows to Indian Ocean and the rest move to Pacific Ocean. There it will heat up and repeat the like cycle.\r\nIf the ice in Svalbard melts even more, there will be an increase in sea level as well as more fresh water will be added in to the ocean. This fresh water will move mow south and affect the Gulf Stream because it will get colder and less salty; this also upset the process of Thermohaline. If the Gulf Stream slow down or shut down completely the climate in Britain would be colder. It would be like Moscow which is on the same latitude. This is called rapid climate Change. Britain is warmer than Moscow imputable to the warm current.\r\nIf the ice in Svalbard melts even more frigid bear will take hold no where to live and barf because these bears rely on ice. They can non swim well enough to aim seals or fish. It will results in deficit of diet and could lead to distinction.\r\nIf the ice in Svalbard melts even more the land will expose more because the glacier would disappear. This will extradite an impact on people and tourism on this island. The unique site and land on this island will change dramatically.\r\nC. drive the Glacial meltdown information sheet.\r\n1: The problem in suggest the savvy why the glacier melts because of globular warming is that it is not the only reason why. They blame it on tender-hearted because we consume a lot of fossil fuel can become toxic gas that harms the environs. Yes they are serious partly, but even before we commence to us fossil foil, glacier already started to retreat. This is approach pattern for them. They preva il disparate opinions and views but they need to know both side of the evidence. Furthermore, global warming doesnt occur in a short amount of time. It is measured over a long period and find out the changes in pattern of the temperature, ocean life, etc…\r\n2: It is important to know who pee and interpret the evidence of global warming because they could be bias and deplete different views of the global warming. slightly time they can exaggerate. It is good to know all the evidence that global warming caused by human and nature.\r\nThis statement from Green tranquility is saying that the cause of global warming that makes ice melt is imputable to human activity such as burning fossil fuels in cars, aeroplane, bus, etc…They overstated it even though parts of it is down to human activity. The climate change is measured over umpteen years, decades even centuries. Climate change doesnt happen that quickly.\r\nThis evidence suggests that one of the reasons why glacier retreated faster is because some ice surges forward than the other. This is approach pattern and is collectible to nature and not human activities.\r\nTask 3: Climate change and effects on the feed chain\r\nA: Find out about phytoplankton that bends in rubber waters.\r\nPhytoplankton †Microscopic plants and plant-like organisms found in massive quantities in the sea. They are cognize as ‘the oceans grass.\r\n algae rush †A plankton efflorescence also known as algal bang, is simply an area where phytoplankton ( algae) puke very fast that you may find many thousand plant cells per liter of water. The chlorophyll in these plants colour the water green.\r\nZooplankton †Microscopic animals and animal-like organisms found in the sea.\r\n1: Just like any normal plant, phytoplankton needs light, warmth, nutrients, carbon dioxide and water in outrank to prepare and re convey. The condition and environment around it has to reach out some of the requirements fo r algae to grow.\r\n2: The Oceans bottom contains decaying plants and animals which carry nutrients; they are being brought to the surface by currents. Algae bloom occurs when the Sun comes out like in spring because plants need fair weather to develop healthily and gives it the colour green. The phytoplanktons also use the nutrients to produce; this leads to algae bloom as well as the bloom of zooplankton because they have more pabulum to eat. The light and warmth control the multiplication of algae. In winter it is sterner for this specie to grow.\r\n3: The maturement of phytoplankton is very important to the north-polar food chain because they are the producer. They are food to zooplanktons which they are eaten by fish. Small fishes like Arctic cod are eaten by other caribes such as polar bears, whales, seabirds and other fish. If there are less of them then the population of other consumers and predator can lowerd.\r\nB: Look at page 12 in the superior Arctic book. Look at the maps and other information about the increment conditions for plants on land in the Svalbard Islands and the Arctic in general.\r\nCAFF stands for The Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna.\r\n1: Land surface: the Arctic tundra make of flat and low land surface. The throw out north you go the higher the land due to some stools. The further up north, the land is usually covers in snow and only a few plants can survive, like in Spitsbergen. Plants on land only cover just over 5% of the surface and plaza to one hundred sixty-five species of plants on Svalbard.\r\nLow land and mountain tundras vegetation is composed of midget shrubs, sledges and grasses, mosses and lichens. split trees grow in some tundra. The ecological boundary region between the tundra and the woodwind is known as the tree line. There are likely no trees and no bushes.\r\nTaiga is described to be home to many funding organism. Boreal forest refers to the gray part of this biomass. Northern taig a has small-leaves trees like birch, alder, willow tree and aspen. Nearly all the trees in this merciful of forest are fir trees. They grow for just a few weeks and have tough leaves to survive frost, wind and snow. Whereas in southern also known as middle boreal. Trees grow bigger and home to many animals like red squirrel. The further south you go the more trees will grow and more living things are able to survive.\r\nSoil: mountain tundra has perm frozen soil. But judging in the pictures the soil is quite fertile as there are living things maturation on it. Snow buttercups, lichens etc… are able to grow and reproduce on this soil. It is moist from the melted snow. Plants can not grow on the glacier because it is too cold to it to survive.\r\nTemperature: plants on Spitsbergen can grow at temperature as low as -5�C. Plants like dwarf shrubs, sledges and grasses, mosses and lichens can survive at this temperature. The temperature increases as you go further sou th because it is near to the sun. the temperature raises after the snow melts so the plants can start increment.\r\nPrecipitation: the mountain tundra gets less rain than the other part of this Arctic because it is colder and dryer. Places like the taiga have more precipitation because the trees need rain in order to grow big. There are more moisture in the air there than the area around glacier.\r\nGrowing conciliate:\r\nThe map shows the length of time that plants need to grow. So in spring, the mountain tundra will have 80 days to grow. These plants are short whereas the middle boreal will have 160 days of increment season because the plants are tall and have loads of leaves. The further south you go the longer the growing season. Colourful wildflowers bloom from the end of June to the end of July. They have to accommodate to this every short season.\r\n2. Describe the important characteristics of plants that are found on the land.\r\nIt is hard for plants to grow in the Ar ctic. Once the snow melts, the growing season is going to be short. Despite getting the most sunshine in summer, but the harsh weather condition have made the plants competent to their environment such as Arctic tundra. They have distinctive characteristics such as being small, grow close together and close to the ground. This protects them from the cold temperatures and the strong winds. Some flowering plants covered in pretty hair like the Arctic crocus to provide protection from the wind.\r\nFlowering plants use all the sunlight they can to produce flowers at very fast speed because they k refreshed growing season is very short. Some plants have cup shaped flowers that face up to the sun, so they can get the sunlight shines directly at the centre of the flower thats why they are so bright. However, other plants have dark colour because they can absorb more heat. Some plants have small roots because only the top layer of the soil fade and they have small leaves to retain moist ure. Because of the short growing season, most tundra plants are perennials and they do not die in the winter. Other living organisms like lichens and mosses can survive on bare rock. They are very short.\r\n3: Plants can be said to be part of a â€Å"fragile” environment is because they can be easily damaged. For example, tracks from a passing vehicle will take out up the fragile insulating tundra, allowing the soil to thaw into scars that may rebriny for hundreds of years therefore the surface layer is vulnerable to environmental damage. There are also other factors that could stop plants from growing such as colder temperature and shorter growing season. Plants there have already adapted to that low temperature, if it gets any lower there is a likely discover they will not survive. Furthermore, if the sun is not giving them enough sunlight, they wouldnt be able to grow healthily.\r\nC: Look at the Arctic food chain on page 13 in the gamey Arctic book.\r\n1: The Arctic f ood chain consists of many animals, sea animals, land and sky. The most important producers start in the sea like the phytoplankton. They are food to the zooplankton and from that fishes consume them. Fishes are important because many animals rely and live on them such as seals, killer whales, birds, polar bear etc… Birds like the kittiwake fed on fishes and they are food to Arctic foxes. If it wasnt for the sea animals, the land animals wouldnt be able to survive because they have nothing to eat.\r\nThe sea environment keeps the food chain balance by providing the right amount food at the right time. Like when a female polar bear gave birth to her cub in celestial latitude, the algae would bloom after December and make food for the polar bear. song of birds are more than number of fishes. If the fishes do not multiply then it could cause a fall in number of animals. Numbers of whales are shortening due to whale hunting by human and animals. The food chain has interlinking wh ich means a specie consumes more than one type of food. This increases the chance of getting something to eat than some other living organisms.\r\n2: If the ice melts, the number of seals will decrease because they will have no where to mate and rest which will lead to the move in polar bears population. However, the number of fishes will increase and population of birds and foxes. It is because they will have fewer predators and more food to eat. cause of death whales will be relying on squids and other fishes instead having them as well as seals. Their population will decrease but not greatly. In the future, seals might be hunted for their skin or their flesh out or it could be the melting of ice which will leave them homeless.\r\n4: subsequently the coal mining industry unappealing in the 1980s the future of Longyearbyen, a city in Svalbard seems to have no hope. The economy went down hill because there was not enough income and the population was decreasing. The Norse gove rnment decided that it would create new business opportunities on Svalbard. One of the main activities to be developed was tourism.\r\nSvalbard is a very beautiful wilderness, with many rare living organisms, and its also a part of the Arctic that is easily accessible by plane. Because of the Gulf Stream, the temperature is not as cold compared to other places on the same Northern latitude.\r\nLongyearbyen get 25,000 tourists every year and they arrive by plane and another 25,000 visit on a cruise ship. They bring a lot of income to the town by using the facilities such as hotels, going on excursions, buying souvenirs, etc…. Its important that the government conservatively manage the wilderness so that tourists can still enjoy coming here in the future because the view and places here are exclusive to Svalbard.\r\nIt is advised not to use modern transport to go around on this island. Tourists can take the aeroplane or cruise ships but if they want to explore this land more i t is best to only go with dogs, or on foot, or by skiing. One of the reasons they believe using those environmental prosperous transport is because tourist come here from big city to find peace and quite. Silence is a valuable good today. If they raced around on snowmobiles, then people wouldnt want to come as much. In addition, motorised vehicles cause damage to the environment.\r\nThey produce more C02 and destroy landscape. The Government of Norway has set a goal of trying to make Svalbard one of the best managed wildernesses in the world. To achieve this they have put a lot of regulations into force, including the Svalbard Environmental Protection turn of events. The purpose of this Act is to preserve a virtually uninfluenced environment in Svalbard. Littering is forbidden, you can not pick a flower or even move a stone on the beach.\r\n'